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Sufi Khalil Beg Mawsilu
Sufi Khalil Beg Mawsilu (died 1491) was a Turkoman military officer from the Mawsillu clan, who served the Aq Qoyunlu. He was one of the leading figures during the reign of Sultan Ya'qub Beg (), and played a pivotal role in the succession struggle that took place after the latter's death. He put Ya'qub's eldest son Baysunghur (who was then nine-years-old) on the throne, ruling as the virtual ruler of the realm until he was defeated and killed by his rival, Sulayman Beg Bijan. Career Under Uzun Hasan and Ya'qub Beg A member of the Mawsillu clan, Sufi Khalil was the son of a certain Begtash, and had a total of eight siblings, the most prominent ones being his brothers Amir Beg I and Bakr Beg. Sufi Khalil first appears in records in 1468. In 1480, Qaitbay, the Mamluk sultan of Egypt, sent an army under his Pecheneg commander Yashbak al-Zahiri to invade Diyar Bakr. The Aq Qoyunlu sultan Ya'qub Beg () consequently sent an army under Bayindir Beg, Sulayman Beg Bijan and Sufi K ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tabriz
Tabriz ( fa, تبریز ; ) is a city in northwestern Iran, serving as the capital of East Azerbaijan Province. It is the List of largest cities of Iran, sixth-most-populous city in Iran. In the Quri Chay, Quru River valley in Iran's historic Azerbaijan (Iran), Azerbaijan region between long ridges of volcanic cones in the Sahand and Eynali mountains, Tabriz's elevation ranges between above sea level. The valley opens up into a plain that gently slopes down to the eastern shores of Lake Urmia, to the west. With cold winters and temperate summers, Tabriz is considered a summer resort. It was named World Carpet Weaving City by the World Crafts Council in October 2015 and Exemplary Tourist City of 2018 by the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation. With a population of over 1.7 million (2016), Tabriz is the largest economic hub and metropolitan area in northwest Iran. The population is bilingual, speaking Azerbaijani language, Azerbaijani and Persian. Tabriz is a major heavy industrie ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tiflis
Tbilisi ( ; ka, თბილისი ), in some languages still known by its pre-1936 name Tiflis ( ), is the capital and the largest city of Georgia, lying on the banks of the Kura River with a population of approximately 1.5 million people. Tbilisi was founded in the 5th century AD by Vakhtang I of Iberia, and since then has served as the capital of various Georgian kingdoms and republics. Between 1801 and 1917, then part of the Russian Empire, Tiflis was the seat of the Caucasus Viceroyalty, governing both the northern and the southern parts of the Caucasus. Because of its location on the crossroads between Europe and Asia, and its proximity to the lucrative Silk Road, throughout history Tbilisi was a point of contention among various global powers. The city's location to this day ensures its position as an important transit route for energy and trade projects. Tbilisi's history is reflected in its architecture, which is a mix of medieval, neoclassical, Beaux Arts, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mahmud Jan Daylami
Sharaf al-Din Shah-Mahmud Jan Daylami Qazvini ( fa, شرف الدین شاه-محمود جان دیلمی قزوینی), better known as Mahmud Jan Daylami () was an Iranian bureaucrat from the Daylami family, who occupied high offices under the Aq Qoyunlu and the Safavids. Biography A native of Qazvin, Mahmud Jan was a member of the Daylami family from the regions of Persian Iraq and Gilan. In his early career, Mahmud Jan served as administrator of the financial affairs of Persian Iraq and Fars under the Aq Qoyunlu ruler Sultan Khalil (r. 1478). During the reign of Sultan Khalil's brother and successor Ya'qub Beg (), the powerful chief military judge and chief financial minister, Qazi Isa Savaji utilized his power by appointing his friends and relatives to high offices, including Mahmud Jan, who was his brother-in-law and thus received the offices of ''vazir'' (finance officer) and ''mushrif'' (inspector) of the royal council. Mahmud Jan's son (Qazi Isa's nephew) Najm al-D ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Shiraz
Shiraz (; fa, شیراز, Širâz ) is the fifth-most-populous city of Iran and the capital of Fars Province, which has been historically known as Pars () and Persis. As of the 2016 national census, the population of the city was 1,565,572 people, and its built-up area with Sadra was home to almost 1,800,000 inhabitants. A census in 2021 showed an increase in the city's population to 1,995,500 people. Shiraz is located in southwestern Iran on the () seasonal river. Founded in the early Islamic period, the city has a moderate climate and has been a regional trade center for over a thousand years. The earliest reference to the city, as ''Tiraziš'', is on Elamite clay tablets dated to 2000 BCE. The modern city was restored or founded by the Arab Umayyad Caliphate in 693 CE and grew prominent under the successive Iranian Saffarid and Buyid dynasties in the 9th and 10th–11th centuries, respectively. In the 13th century, Shiraz became a leading center of the arts and lette ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Heresy
Heresy is any belief or theory that is strongly at variance with established beliefs or customs, in particular the accepted beliefs of a church or religious organization. The term is usually used in reference to violations of important religious teachings, but is also used of views strongly opposed to any generally accepted ideas. A heretic is a proponent of heresy. The term is used particularly in reference to Christianity, Judaism, and Islam. In certain historical Christian, Muslim, and Jewish cultures, among others, espousing ideas deemed heretical has been (and in some cases still is) met with censure ranging from excommunication to the death penalty. Heresy is distinct from apostasy, which is the explicit renunciation of one's religion, principles or cause; and from blasphemy, which is an impious utterance or action concerning God or sacred things. Heresiology is the study of heresy. Etymology Derived from Ancient Greek ''haíresis'' (), the English ''heresy'' origi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Iraq
Iraq,; ku, عێراق, translit=Êraq officially the Republic of Iraq, '; ku, کۆماری عێراق, translit=Komarî Êraq is a country in Western Asia. It is bordered by Turkey to the north, Iran to the east, the Persian Gulf and Kuwait to the southeast, Saudi Arabia to the south, Jordan to the southwest and Syria to the west. The capital and largest city is Baghdad. Iraq is home to diverse ethnic groups including Iraqi Arabs, Kurds, Turkmens, Assyrians, Armenians, Yazidis, Mandaeans, Persians and Shabakis with similarly diverse geography and wildlife. The vast majority of the country's 44 million residents are Muslims – the notable other faiths are Christianity, Yazidism, Mandaeism, Yarsanism and Zoroastrianism. The official languages of Iraq are Arabic and Kurdish; others also recognised in specific regions are Neo-Aramaic, Turkish and Armenian. Starting as early as the 6th millennium BC, the fertile alluvial plains between Iraq's Tigris and Euphrates ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nakhchivan (city)
Nakhchivan ( az, Naxçıvan ; arm, Նախիջևան, Nakhijevan) is the capital of the eponymous Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic of Azerbaijan, located west of Baku. The municipality of Nakhchivan consists of the city of Nakhchivan, the settlement of Əliabad and the villages of Başbaşı, Bulqan, Haciniyyət, Qaraçuq, Qaraxanbəyli, Tumbul, Qarağalıq, and Daşduz. It is spread over the foothills of Zangezur Mountains, on the right bank of the Nakhchivan River at an altitude of above sea level. Toponymy The city's official Azerbaijani spelling is Nakhchivan ( az, Naxçıvan). The name is transliterated from Persian as Nakhjavan ( fa, نخجوان). The city's name is transliterated from Russian as Nakhichevan' (russian: Нахичевань) and from Armenian as Nakhijevan ( arm, Նախիջևան, Naxiǰewan). The city was first mentioned in Ptolemy's ''Geography'' as ''Naxuana'' ( grc, Ναξουὰνα, la, Naxuana). [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Alinjaq Castle
The Alinja Tower, also known as Alinjagala or Alinja-gala ( az, Əlincə qalası)—earlier, up to the 14th century, known as the Armenian fortress Yernjak«Крепость Ернджак (Алинджа-кала)» /Бюллетень Кавказского историко-археологицкского института в Тифлисе, Выпуски 1-8 / p.16 – Изд-во Академия наук СССР, 1928 ( hy, ԵրնջակСловарь топонимов Армении: Том 2. Pages 246-247.)—is a tower is located to the west of Khanega village, not far from Julfa city in Azerbaijan, on the right coast of the Alinja River (Alinjachay), higher of the Armenian monastery St.Karapet, on the top of Alinja Mountain. The tower was one of the strongest defensive buildings of that times. History The first mentions are in sources from the 1st century. The tower was founded and belonged to the Armenian lords of Syunik. It was one of the important fortress in Ar ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rustam Beg Bayandur
Rustam Beg Bayandur was a Aq Qoyunlu prince, and one of the contesters in 1492–1497 during the dynastic struggle that had erupted following the death of Ya'qub Beg Yaqub b. Uzun Hasan ( fa, یعقوب بن اوزون حسن) or Abū al-Muẓaffar Yaʿqūb Bahādur Ḫān, commonly known as Sultan Ya'qub ( fa, سلطان یعقوب; az, Sultan Yaqub ) was the ruler of the Aq Qoyunlu from 1478 until his deat ... (). He was deposed by his cousin Ahmad Beg. References Sources * * * {{Aq Qoyunlu leaders Aq Qoyunlu rulers 15th-century monarchs in the Middle East 15th-century births 1497 deaths Leaders ousted by a coup ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
De Facto
''De facto'' ( ; , "in fact") describes practices that exist in reality, whether or not they are officially recognized by laws or other formal norms. It is commonly used to refer to what happens in practice, in contrast with ''de jure'' ("by law"), which refers to things that happen according to official law, regardless of whether the practice exists in reality. History In jurisprudence, it mainly means "practiced, but not necessarily defined by law" or "practiced or is valid, but not officially established". Basically, this expression is opposed to the concept of "de jure" (which means "as defined by law") when it comes to law, management or technology (such as standards) in the case of creation, development or application of "without" or "against" instructions, but in accordance with "with practice". When legal situations are discussed, "de jure" means "expressed by law", while "de facto" means action or what is practiced. Similar expressions: "essentially", "unofficial", "in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Miranshahi
The Miranshahi were a collateral branch of the Aq Qoyunlu clan that was founded as a result of the union between Sidi-Ahmad ibn Miranshah Timuri and Uzun Hasan's daughter Ruqaya-Sultan. References Sources * {{cite book , title=The Aqquyunlu: Clan, Confederation, Empire (Revised and Expanded Edition) , year=1999 , publisher=University of Utah Press , editor-last= , last=Woods, first=John E. , authorlink=John E. Woods (historian) , chapter= , isbn=978-0874805659 , url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eh0XAQAAIAAJ&dq Tribes of the Aq Qoyunlu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Karabakh
Karabakh ( az, Qarabağ ; hy, Ղարաբաղ, Ġarabaġ ) is a geographic region in present-day southwestern Azerbaijan and eastern Armenia, extending from the highlands of the Lesser Caucasus down to the lowlands between the rivers Kura and Aras. It is conventionally divided into three regions: Highland Karabakh, Lowland Karabakh (the steppes between the Kura and Aras rivers), and the eastern slopes of the Zangezur Mountains (roughly Syunik and Kalbajar–Lachin). Hewsen, Robert H. "The Meliks of Eastern Armenia: A Preliminary Study," '' Revue des Études Arméniennes'' 9 (1972), p. 289, note 17. Etymology The Russian name , transliterated , derives from the Azerbaijani , which is generally believed to be a compound of the Turkic word ''kara'' (black) and the Iranian word ''bagh'' (garden), literally meaning "black garden." The Iranian Azerbaijanis, Iranian-Azerbaijani historian Ahmad Kasravi also speaks of the translation of ''kara'' as "large" and not "black." T ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
