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State Bank Of The Soviet Union
Gosbank (russian: Госбанк, Государственный банк СССР, ''Gosudarstvenny bank SSSR''—the State Bank of the USSR) was the central bank of the Soviet Union and the only bank in the entire country from 1922 to 1991. Gosbank was one of the three Soviet economic authorities, the other two being "Gosplan" (the State Planning Committee) and "Gossnab" (the State Committee for Material Technical Supply). The Gosbank closely collaborated with the Soviet Ministry of Finance to prepare the national state budget. Foundation The foundation of the bank was part of the implementation of the New Economic Policy. On 3 October 1921, the All-Russian Central Executive Committee (VTsIK), passed a resolution for the founding of the State Bank of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic. This was followed by a similar resolution passed by Sovnarkom on 10 October 1921. It began operations on 16 November 1921. In February 1922 Lenin described the State Bank a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Moscow
Moscow ( , US chiefly ; rus, links=no, Москва, r=Moskva, p=mɐskˈva, a=Москва.ogg) is the capital and largest city of Russia. The city stands on the Moskva River in Central Russia, with a population estimated at 13.0 million residents within the city limits, over 17 million residents in the urban area, and over 21.5 million residents in the metropolitan area. The city covers an area of , while the urban area covers , and the metropolitan area covers over . Moscow is among the world's largest cities; being the most populous city entirely in Europe, the largest urban and metropolitan area in Europe, and the largest city by land area on the European continent. First documented in 1147, Moscow grew to become a prosperous and powerful city that served as the capital of the Grand Duchy that bears its name. When the Grand Duchy of Moscow evolved into the Tsardom of Russia, Moscow remained the political and economic center for most of the Tsardom's history. Whe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Aron Sheinman
Aron Lvovich Sheinman ( rus, Арон Львович Шейнман) (24 December 1885 – 22 May 1944) was a Bolshevik Revolutionary and Soviet official. Aron Sheinman was born in Suwałki in a Lithuanian Jewish family. He was twice chairman of Gosbank, the central bank of the Soviet Union (1921–1924 and 1926–1929). In 1922 Lenin wrote him a scathing letter accusing him of being a "communist-mandarin" stating that Gosbank was "a bureaucratic paper game" suggesting that Sheinman had become blinded to the truth by being too engrossed in "the sweet communist-official lies". In 1937-1939 he was the chairman of the director of the London department of "Intourist". In October 1939 he was recalled from London, but refused to return to the USSR. In 1939 he received British citizenship. He died in London London is the capital and List of urban areas in the United Kingdom, largest city of England and the United Kingdom, with a population of just under 9 million. It stands on t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ost-West Handelsbank
Ost-West Handelsbank AG was a Soviet-controlled bank in Frankfurt established in 1971. It was acquired by VTB Bank and changed its name to VTB Bank Deutschland. History Ost-West Handelsbank AG (OWHB) was founded in 1971 by the Soviet Union's Gosbank, VEB of the USSR and a number of allied trade associations with Andrey Dubonosov as chairman of the board.; 1900 – 1978) was a roofer's apprentice when he volunteered for the Red Army in 1918 and in 1921 he became a Chekist with the Special Department in the Moscow Region (Lubyanka, 14) and took finance courses after which he transferred to Gosbank and took evening courses at the Industrial and Economic Institute (russian: промышленно-экономический институт). After graduating, he became the director of the Dalbank (russian: Дальбанк) in Harbin in 1930. After the Japanese occupied Manchuria and established the puppet state Manchukuo, he sold the Soviet's road to Japan for 140 million yen. He ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Donau Bank
Donau Bank AG was a controlled bank in Vienna, Austria controlled by the Soviet Union and later, after the dissolution of the Soviet Union, by Russia. It was acquired by Russian VTB Bank in 2000. In 2006 the name was changed to VTB Bank (Austria) AG. On December 29, 2017, VTB Group completerestructuringof its European operations. VTB Bank (Austria) AG, VTB Bank (Deutschland) AG und VTB Bank (France) SA, were merged into the newly created VTB Bank (Europe) SE (Frankfurt), which operates under a single banking license. Since that restructuring, VTB Bank (Europe) SE has the branch in Austria. History *1974 - Donau Bank AG is jointly founded in Vienna by the USSR State Bank and the USSR Foreign Trade Bank. *1992 - The Central Bank of the Russian Federation acquires 99.97% of the bank, the remaining 0.03% is retained by the Foreign Trade Bank ( Vneshtorgbank). *1997 - VTB acquires a 51% majority share in Donau Bank AG. *2005 - VTB acquires 100% interest in Donau Bank AG. *2006 - I ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Moscow Narodny Bank (Moscow)
Moscow Narodny Bank is a Russian bank. It was established under the Articles of Association approved by the Ministry of Finance on March 3, 1911 (published in the Collection of Edicts and Executive Orders of the Government of Russia on September 29, 1911). It was opened in Moscow on May 9, 1912. History The idea of setting up such a bank occurred at the First All-Russian Convention of Representatives of Cooperative Establishments in 1908 and was endorsed afterwards by annual conventions of cooperators. The purpose of setting-up and operation of the Moscow Narodny Bank was: “to deliver monetary funds to small loan institutions and all kinds of cooperative enterprises in order to ease their turnovers”. The governing body of the Bank was determined by the Board, which was located in Moscow, the controlling body was the council. The Bank's fixed capital at its establishment was 1 million rubles, divided into 4,000 shares with a par value of 250 rubles.Хрестоматия по ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Leonid Krasin
Leonid Borisovich Krasin (russian: Леони́д Бори́сович Кра́син; 15 July 1870 – 24 November 1926) was a Russian Soviet politician, engineer, social entrepreneur, Bolshevik revolutionary politician and a Soviet diplomat. In 1924 he became the first Soviet ambassador to France. A year later, he left Paris to become ambassador to London, where he remained until his death. He was an early and close associate of Vladimir Lenin and his financier and the first finance wizard of the Communist Party. Early years Krasin was born in Kurgan, Tobolsk Governorate in Siberia. His father, Boris Ivanovich Krasin, was the local chief of police. The composer and Proletkult activist Boris Krasin was one of his younger brothers. He was educated at a technical school in Tyumen. He was a star pupil at school, and met the American explorer George Kennan when he visited Siberia. In 1887, Krasin enrolled at the Petersburg Technological Institute, to study chemistry. He was b ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1931 Menshevik Trial
The Menshevik Trial was one of the early purges carried out by Stalin in which 14 economists, who were former members of the Menshevik party, were put on trial and convicted for trying to re-establish their party as the "Union Bureau of the Mensheviks". It was held 1–8 March 1931 in the House of Unions. The presiding judge was Nikolay Shvernik. Defendants The defendants were: * Boris Berlatsky * Aleksandr Finn-Enotaevsky * Abram Ginzburg * Vladimir Groman * Mikhail Yakubovich * Vladimir Ikov * Kirill Petunin * Isaak Illich Rubin * Vasili Sher * Aron Sokolovsky * Nikolai Sukhanov * Moisei Teitelbaum * Ivan Volkov * Lazar Zalkind Six out of the fourteen defendants were Jews. It was suggested in Bundist circles that this large proportion of Jews among the accused had been specially arranged to organize feeling against the Jewish Socialists. This was denied by Stalin. The trial The defendants were accused of setting up the "All-Union Bureau of Mensheviks." Vladimir ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Wrecking (Soviet Crime)
Wrecking (russian: вредительство or ''vreditel'stvo'', lit. "inflicting damage", "harming") was a crime specified in the criminal code of the Soviet Union in the Stalin era. It is often translated as "sabotage"; however, "wrecking", "diversionist acts", and "counter-revolutionary sabotage" were distinct sub-articles of Article 58 (RSFSR Penal Code) (58-7, 58–9, and 58-14 respectively), and the meaning of "wrecking" is closer to "undermining". Types of wrecking Distinctions among the three categories in the sub-articles: * Diversions were acts of immediate infliction of physical damage on state and cooperative property. * Wrecking was deliberate acts aimed against normal functioning of state and cooperative organisations, such as giving deliberately wrong commands. * Sabotage was non-execution, or careless execution, of one's duties. As applied in practice, "wrecking" and "sabotage" referred to any action which negatively affected the economy, including failing to mee ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Boris Berlatsky
Boris Markovich Berlatsky (1889—1937) was a senior official of the State Bank of the USSR. He was 41 when he was a defendant in 1931 Menshevik Trial, one of the first show trials in the Soviet Union. Berlatsky's "confession" included an account of how he met with Fyodor Dan, Rudolph Hilferding, Van der Velde, Karl Kautsky and Leon Blum while in Berlin Berlin ( , ) is the capital and List of cities in Germany by population, largest city of Germany by both area and population. Its 3.7 million inhabitants make it the European Union's List of cities in the European Union by population within ci ... in 1925. He was sentenced to four years in prison. References 1889 births 1937 deaths 1931 Menshevik Trial Victims of Red Terror in Soviet Russia {{soviet-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Creditworthiness
A credit risk is risk of default on a debt that may arise from a borrower failing to make required payments. In the first resort, the risk is that of the lender and includes lost principal and interest, disruption to cash flows, and increased collection costs. The loss may be complete or partial. In an efficient market, higher levels of credit risk will be associated with higher borrowing costs. Because of this, measures of borrowing costs such as yield spreads can be used to infer credit risk levels based on assessments by market participants. Losses can arise in a number of circumstances, for example: * A consumer may fail to make a payment due on a mortgage loan, credit card, line of credit, or other loan. * A company is unable to repay asset-secured fixed or floating charge debt. * A business or consumer does not pay a trade invoice when due. * A business does not pay an employee's earned wages when due. * A business or government bond issuer does not make a payment o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Maximization (economics)
Capitalism is an economic system based on the private ownership of the means of production and their operation for profit. Central characteristics of capitalism include capital accumulation, competitive markets, price system, private property, property rights recognition, voluntary exchange, and wage labor. In a market economy, decision-making and investments are determined by owners of wealth, property, or ability to maneuver capital or production ability in capital and financial markets—whereas prices and the distribution of goods and services are mainly determined by competition in goods and services markets. Economists, historians, political economists and sociologists have adopted different perspectives in their analyses of capitalism and have recognized various forms of it in practice. These include ''laissez-faire'' or free-market capitalism, anarcho-capitalism, state capitalism and welfare capitalism. Different forms of capitalism feature varying degrees of fr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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