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Sodium Borate
Sodium borate is a generic name for any salt of sodium with an anion consisting of boron and oxygen, and possibly hydrogen, or any hydrate thereof. It can be seen as a hydrated sodium salt of the appropriate boroxy acid, although the latter may not be a stable compound. Many sodium borates have important industrial and household applications; the best known being borax, = . The ternary phase diagram of the –– phase diagram in the 0–100 °C temperature range contains 13 unique hydrated crystalline sodium borates, including five important industrial products. Sodium borates, as well as boroxy acids, are often described as mixtures = , with ''x'', ''y'', and ''z'' chosen to fit the elemental formula, or a multiple thereof. Thus, for example, borax would be , and boric acid would be = . The elemental formula was often intrepreted as a ''z''-hydrate of an "anhydrous" salt without any hydrogen, namely . However, later research uncovered that many borates have hydroxyl gr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Salt (chemistry)
In chemistry, a salt is a chemical compound consisting of an ionic assembly of positively charged cations and negatively charged anions, which results in a compound with no net electric charge. A common example is table salt, with positively charged sodium ions and negatively charged chloride ions. The component ions in a salt compound can be either inorganic, such as chloride (Cl−), or organic, such as acetate (). Each ion can be either monatomic, such as fluoride (F−), or polyatomic, such as sulfate (). Types of salt Salts can be classified in a variety of ways. Salts that produce hydroxide ions when dissolved in water are called ''alkali salts'' and salts that produce hydrogen ions when dissolved in water are called ''acid salts''. ''Neutral salts'' are those salts that are neither acidic nor basic. Zwitterions contain an anionic and a cationic centre in the same molecule, but are not considered salts. Examples of zwitterions are amino acids, many metabolites, peptid ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mole (unit)
The mole, symbol mol, is the unit of amount of substance in the International System of Units (SI). The quantity amount of substance is a measure of how many elementary entities of a given substance are in an object or sample. The mole is defined as containing exactly elementary entities. Depending on what the substance is, an elementary entity may be an atom, a molecule, an ion, an ion pair, or a subatomic particle such as an electron. For example, 10 moles of water (a chemical compound) and 10 moles of mercury (a chemical element), contain equal amounts of substance and the mercury contains exactly one atom for each molecule of the water, despite the two having different volumes and different masses. The number of elementary entities in one mole is known as the Avogadro number, which is the approximate number of nucleons (protons or neutrons) in one gram of ordinary matter. The previous definition of a mole was simply the number of elementary entities equal to that of 12 gram ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Peroxide
In chemistry, peroxides are a group of compounds with the structure , where R = any element. The group in a peroxide is called the peroxide group or peroxo group. The nomenclature is somewhat variable. The most common peroxide is hydrogen peroxide (), colloquially known simply as "peroxide". It is marketed as solutions in water at various concentrations. Many organic peroxides are known as well. In addition to hydrogen peroxide, some other major classes of peroxides are: * Peroxy acids, the peroxy derivatives of many familiar acids, examples being peroxymonosulfuric acid and peracetic acid, and their salts, one example of which is potassium peroxydisulfate. * Main group peroxides, compounds with the linkage (E = main group element). * Metal peroxides, examples being barium peroxide (), sodium peroxide () and zinc peroxide Zinc peroxide (ZnO2) appears as a bright yellow powder at room temperature. It was historically used as a surgical antiseptic. More recently zinc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sodium Perborate
Sodium perborate is chemical compound whose chemical formula may be written , , or, more properly, ·. Its name is sometimes abbreviated as PBS (not to be confused with phosphate-buffered saline). The compound is commonly encountered in anhydrous form or as a hexahydrate (commonly called "monohydrate" or PBS-1 and "tetrahydrate" or PBS-4, after the early assumption that would be the anhydrous form).Alexander McKillop and William R Sanderson (1995): "Sodium perborate and sodium percarbonate: Cheap, safe and versatile oxidising agents for organic synthesis". ''Tetrahedron'', volume 51, issue 22, pages 6145-6166. They are both white, odorless, water-soluble solids.B.J. Brotherton "Boron: Inorganic Chemistry" in ''Encyclopedia of Inorganic Chemistry'' (1994) Ed. R. Bruce King, John Wiley & Sons This salt is widely used in laundry detergents, as one of the peroxide-based bleaches. Structure Unlike sodium percarbonate and sodium perphosphate, the compound is not simply an adduct ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Trisodium Pentaborate
Trisodium pentaborate is a salt that can form as a monohydrate with formula , which contains the anion dihydroxydopentaborate . Its formula may be incorrectly given as , or as . It may also be called simply sodium pentaborate, but this name is more properly reserved for the compound with elemental formula . Structure Trisodium pentaborate monohydrate crystallizes as thin plates in the orthorhombic crystal system, with symmetry group In group theory, the symmetry group of a geometric object is the group of all transformations under which the object is invariant, endowed with the group operation of composition. Such a transformation is an invertible mapping of the ambient ... ''Pbca'' and cell parameters ''a'' = 880.4 pm, ''b'' = 1837.1 pm, ''c'' = 1092.4 pm, formulas per cell ''Z'' = 8. References Silvio Menchetti and Cesare Sabelli (1977): "The crystal structure of synthetic sodium pentaborate monohydrate". ''Acta Crystallographica Section B'', vol ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sodium Pentaborate
Sodium pentaborate, more properly disodium decaborate, is a chemical compound of sodium, boron, and oxygen; a salt with elemental formula , , or . It is a transparent colorless crystalline solid, soluble in water. The compound is often encountered or traded as hydrates , , or for ''n'' = 2, 4, 5, or other values. This formula is often misleading as some of the water molecules are actually hydroxyl groups covalently attached to boron atoms. The compound is used in agriculture as a boron supplement in fertilizer with various trade names such as Solubor and Aquabor. It has also been tested as an additive to improve plasma electrolytic oxidation of magnesium alloys. The name "sodium pentaborate" has also been used for a distinct compound with formula , better called trisodium pentaborate. Structure and preparation Dihydrate Sodium pentaborate "dihydrate" has the elemental formula , which can be parsed as or , however the correct formula seems to be either or . The latter seem ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Disodium Enneaborate
Disodium enneaborate is the traditional name for a salt of sodium, boron, oxygen, and hydrogen, with elemental formula or . It is the sodium borate with the highest boron/sodium ratio. Structure The correct formula has since been determined to be . The anion is a linear polymer with repeating unit . Sodium cations, water molecules, and undissociated boric acid molecules lie between the chains, held by numerous hydrogen bonds. The compound crystallizes in the monoclinic crystal system In crystallography, the monoclinic crystal system is one of the seven crystal systems. A crystal system is described by three vectors. In the monoclinic system, the crystal is described by vectors of unequal lengths, as in the orthorhombic sy ... with space group ''P''21/''n''. The cell parameters are ''a'' = 1021.3 pm, ''b'' = 1294.0 pm, ''c'' = 1245.7 pm, β = 93.070°, ''V'' = 1.6440 nm3, and ''Z'' = 2. The sodium cations occur in groups of four with interatomic distances of 378.30 p ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Disodium Octaborate
Disodium octaborate is a borate of sodium, a chemical compound of sodium, boron, and oxygen — a salt with elemental formula or , also written as . It is a colorless crystalline solid, soluble in water. Disodium octaborate is traded either as a liquid concentrate, or as the tetrahydrate , a white odorless powder. It is used as an insecticide, and as a fungicide and algicide, and as a fire retardant., and as a boron micronutrient additive in fertilizers. Trade names include Bora-Care, Borathor, Termite Prufe, Board Defense, Polybor, Tim-bor, and Can-Bor. Preparation The anhydrous form can be crystallized from a molten mixture of sodium oxide and boric oxide . Properties Solubility The salt dissolves in water to form forms viscous supersaturated solutions at elevated temperatures. Solubility of the tetrahydrate is 21.9% (wt) at . Structure The anhydrous salt exists in two stable crystalline forms, α and β. The α form has monoclinic crystal structure, with the P21/a spac ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sodium Tetrahydroxyborate
Sodium tetrahydroxyborate is a salt (ionic compound) of with chemical formula or . It is one of several sodium borates. At room temperature it is a colorless transparent crystalline solid. The element ratio corresponds to the oxide mixture , but the structure of the solid is quite different from that suggested by this formula. Structure Sodium tetrahydroxyborate has been crystallized from aqueous solutions in two anhydrous forms. Both contain the tetrahedral tetrahydroxyborate anion, which is formed from (ortho)boric acid in water solutions by binding an hydroxide anion instead of loss of a proton . These anions lie in layers perpendicular to the (010) plane, and form a tridimensional lattice held together by hydrogen bonds between the hydrogen atoms in each anion and the oxygen atoms in adjacent anions. Monoclinic form The first form, described in 1993, crystallizes in the monoclinic crystal system with symmetry group ''P''21/''a'' and parameters ''a'' = 588.6 pm, ''b'' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sodium Metaborate
Sodium metaborate is a chemical compound of sodium, boron, and oxygen with formula . However, the metaborate ion is trimeric in the anhydrous solid, therefore a more correct formula is or . The formula can be written also as · to highlight the relation to the main oxides of sodium and boron. The name is also applied to several hydrates whose formulas can be written for various values of ''n''. The anhydrous and hydrates are colorless crystalline solids. The anhydrous form is hygroscopic. Hydrates and solubility The following hydrates crystallize from solutions of the proper composition in various temperature ranges: * tetrahydrate ·4 from −6 to 53.6 °C * dihydrate ·2 from 53.6 °C to 105 °C * hemihydrate ·0.5 from 105 °C to the boiling point. Early reports of a monohydrate · have not been confirmed. Structure Anhydrous Solid anhydrous sodium metaborate has the hexagonal crystal system with space group R\bar3 c. It actually contains the trimeric ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Trisodium Orthoborate
Trisodium borate is a chemical compound of sodium, boron, and oxygen, with formula , or . It is a salt with the orthoborate anion . The compound is also called trisodium orthoborate, sodium orthoborate, or just sodium borate. However, "sodium orthoborate" has been used also for a compound with formula , which would correspond to an equimolar mixture of sodium metaborate and trisodium borate proper. and "sodium borate" is sometimes used in the generic sense, for a sodium salt with any of several other borate anions. Preparation Sodium carbonate will react with sodium metaborate or boric oxide to form the orthoborate and carbon dioxide when heated between 600 and 850 °C: : + → + Difficult to obtain in pure form from melts. Properties Reactions When dissolved in water, the orthoborate anion partially hydrolyzes into metaborate and hydroxide : : + + 3 Electrolysis of a solution of sodium orthoborate generates sodium perborate at the anode An a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Boric Acid
Boric acid, more specifically orthoboric acid, is a compound of boron, oxygen, and hydrogen with formula . It may also be called hydrogen borate or boracic acid. It is usually encountered as colorless crystals or a white powder, that dissolves in water, and occurs in nature as the mineral sassolite. It is a weak acid that yields various borate anions and salts, and can react with alcohols to form borate esters. Boric acid is often used as an antiseptic, insecticide, flame retardant, neutron absorber, or precursor to other boron compounds. The term "boric acid" is also used generically for any oxoacid of boron, such as metaboric acid and tetraboric acid . History Orthoboric acid was first prepared by Wilhelm Homberg (1652–1715) from borax, by the action of mineral acids, and was given the name ("sedative salt of Homberg"). However boric acid and borates have been used since the time of the ancient Greeks for cleaning, preserving food, and other activities. Molecular a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
