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Skin Test
A skin test is a medical test in which a substance is injected into the skin. Examples * Casoni test * Corneometry * Dick test * Fernandez reaction * Frei test * Hair perforation test * Kveim test * Leishmanin skin test * Lepromin * Patch test * Schick test * Skin allergy test * Sweat diagnostics * Sweat test * Tine test * Transepidermal water loss * Trichoscopy Trichoscopy is a method of hair and scalp evaluation and is used for diagnosing hair and scalp diseases. The method is based on dermoscopy. In trichoscopy hair and scalp structures may be visualized at many-fold magnification. Currently magnificat ... References * {{Med-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Skin
Skin is the layer of usually soft, flexible outer tissue covering the body of a vertebrate animal, with three main functions: protection, regulation, and sensation. Other cuticle, animal coverings, such as the arthropod exoskeleton, have different cellular differentiation, developmental origin, structure and chemical composition. The adjective cutaneous means "of the skin" (from Latin ''cutis'' 'skin'). In mammals, the skin is an organ (anatomy), organ of the integumentary system made up of multiple layers of ectodermal tissue (biology), tissue and guards the underlying muscles, bones, ligaments, and internal organs. Skin of a different nature exists in amphibians, reptiles, and birds. Skin (including cutaneous and subcutaneous tissues) plays crucial roles in formation, structure, and function of extraskeletal apparatus such as horns of bovids (e.g., cattle) and rhinos, cervids' antlers, giraffids' ossicones, armadillos' osteoderm, and os penis/os clitoris. All mammals have som ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Transepidermal Water Loss
image:Tewameter Principle.png, Principle of an instrument measuring transepidermal water loss. Water vapor is diffusing through the transparently shown cylinder. The yellow arrow symbolizes the diffusion direction. The two dark red square elements are two pairs of sensors each measuring relative humidity and temperature. Transepidermal water loss (TEWL or TWL) is the loss of water that passes from inside a body (animal or plant) through the epidermis (that is, either the epidermis, epidermal layer of animal skin or the epidermis (botany), epidermal layer of plants) to the surrounding atmosphere via diffusion and evaporation processes. TEWL in mammals is also known as insensible water loss (IWL), as it is a process over which organisms have little physiologic control and of which they are usually mostly unaware. Insensible loss of body water can threaten fluid balance; in humans, substantial dehydration sometimes occurs before a person realizes what is happening. Measurements of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tine Test
The tine test is a multiple-puncture tuberculin skin test used to aid in the medical diagnosis of tuberculosis (TB). The tine test is similar to the Heaf test, although the Mantoux test is usually used instead. There are multiple forms of the tine tests which usually fall into two categories: the old tine test (OT) and the purified protein derivative (PPD) tine test. Common brand names of the test include Aplisol, Aplitest, Tuberculin PPD TINE TEST, and Tubersol. Procedure This test uses a small "button" that has four to six short needles coated with TB antigens (tuberculin), either an old tuberculin or a PPD-tuberculin. The needles are pressed into the skin (usually on the inner side of the forearm), forcing the antigens into the skin. The test is then read 48 to 72 hours later by measuring the size of the largest papule or induration. Indications are usually classified as positive, negative, or doubtful. Because it is not possible to control precisely the amount of tuberculin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sweat Test
The sweat test measures the concentration of chloride that is excreted in sweat. It is used to screen for cystic fibrosis (CF). Due to defective chloride channels (CFTR), the concentration of chloride in sweat is elevated in individuals with CF. Background Cystic fibrosis is caused by defects in a protein found in many tissues, including the airways and the sweat glands. As a result, these tissues do not work properly. Sweat testing makes use of the fact that cystic fibrosis patients have defective sweat glands. Sweat glands produce sweat through a well understood process of secretion and reabsorption of sodium chloride (salt). Secretion entails the movement of salt and water from sweat gland cells into the sweat duct. Reabsorption occurs in the duct with the movement of salt from the sweat back into sweat duct cells. What remains is sweat, a salt solution with a relatively finely tuned concentration of sodium and chloride. For normal salt reabsorption to occur, individual ion ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sweat Diagnostics
Sweat diagnostics is an emerging non-invasive technique used to provide insights to the health of the human body. Common sweat diagnostic tests include testing for cystic fibrosis and illicit drugs. Most testing of human sweat is in reference to the eccrine sweat gland which in contrast to the apocrine sweat gland, has a lower composition of oils. Although sweat is mostly water, there are many solutes which are found in sweat that have at least some relation to biomarkers found in blood. These include: sodium (Na+), chloride (Cl−), potassium (K+), ammonium (NH), alcohols, lactate, peptides & proteins. Development of devices, sensing techniques and biomarker identification in sweat continues to be an expanding field for medical diagnostics and athletics applications. The use of smart biosensors for on-skin sweat analysis has been described as internet-enabled Sudorology (iSudorology) by Brasier et al. in 2019. It describes the lab-independent detection of molecular, next-ge ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Skin Allergy Test
Skin allergy testing comprises a range of methods for medical diagnosis of allergies that attempts to provoke a small, controlled, allergic response. Methods A microscopic amount of an allergen is introduced to a patient's skin by various means: * ''Skin prick test'': pricking the skin with a needle or pin containing a small amount of the allergen. * ''Skin scratch test'': a deep dermic scratch is performed with help of the blunt bottom of a lancet. * ''Intradermic test'': a tiny quantity of allergen is injected under the dermis with a hypodermic syringe. * ''Skin scrape Test'': a superficial scrape is performed with help of the back of a needle to remove the superficial layer of the epidermis. * '' Patch test'': applying a patch to the skin, where the patch contains the allergen If an immuno-response is seen in the form of a rash, urticaria (hives), or anaphylaxis it can be concluded that the patient has a hypersensitivity (or allergy) to that allergen. Further testing can be ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Schick Test
The Schick test, developed in 1913, is a skin test used to determine whether or not a person is susceptible to diphtheria. It was named after its inventor, Béla Schick (1877–1967), a Hungarian-born American pediatrician. Procedure The test is a simple procedure. A small amount (0.1 ml) of diluted (1/50 MLD) diphtheria toxin is injected intradermally into one arm of the person and a heat inactivated toxin on the other as a control. If a person does not have enough antibodies to fight it off, the skin around the injection will become red and swollen, indicating a positive result. This swelling disappears after a few days. If the person has an immunity, then little or no swelling and redness will occur, indicating a negative result. Results can be interpreted as:Preventive and Social Medicine, Park 22nd edition, pg 151 # Positive: when the test results in a wheal of 5–10 mm diameter, reaching its peak in 4–7 days. The control arm shows no reaction. This indicates tha ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lepromin
The lepromin skin test is used to determine what type of leprosy a person is infected with. It involves the injection of a standardized extract of the inactivated "''leprosy bacillus''" (''Mycobacterium leprae'' or "Hansen's bacillus") under the skin. It is not recommended as a primary mode of diagnosis. Method Positive reaction means: A) or more induration after 48hrs B) or above nodule after 21 days. An extract sample of inactivated Hansen's bacillus is injected just under the skin, usually on the forearm, so that a small lump pushes the skin upward. The lump indicates that the antigen has been injected at the correct depth. The injection site is labeled and examined at 48hours and 21 days later to see if there is a reaction. People with dermatitis or other skin irritations should have the test performed on an unaffected part of the body. If a child needs to have this test performed, it may be helpful to explain how the test will feel, and even practice or demonstrate on a dol ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Casoni Test
The Casoni test is a skin test used in the diagnosis of hydatid disease. The test involves the intradermal injection of 0.25 ml of sterilised fluid from hydatid cysts/human cyst and sterilised by Seitz filtration on forearm and equal volume of saline injected on the other forearm. Observations made for next 30 mins and after 1 to 2 days. A wheal response A skin condition, also known as cutaneous condition, is any medical condition that affects the integumentary system—the organ system that encloses the body and includes skin, nails, and related muscle and glands. The major function of this sy ... occurring at the injection site within 20 minutes is considered positive (immediate hypersensitivity). Delayed hypersensitivity reactions usually read after 18–24 hours. The test is positive in about 90% of cases of hydatid disease affecting the liver, but positive in less than 50% of patients with hydatid disease elsewhere in the body; false positive results are also common. Being ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Leishmanin Skin Test
The leishmanin skin test (LST), also called Montenegro test, is an immunologic skin test that measures delayed-type hypersensitivity to Leishmania antigen. It can be used for diagnosis of cutaneous leishmaniasis Cutaneous leishmaniasis is the most common form of leishmaniasis affecting humans. It is a skin infection caused by a single-celled parasite that is transmitted by the bite of a phlebotomine sand fly. There are about thirty species of ''Leishm .... It was first described by Brazilian physician João Montenegro in 1926. References {{reflist Skin tests Leishmaniasis ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kveim Test
The Kveim test, Nickerson-Kveim or Kveim-Siltzbach test is a skin test used to detect sarcoidosis, where part of a spleen from a patient with known sarcoidosis is injected into the skin of a patient suspected to have the disease. If non caseating granulomas are found (4–6 weeks later), the test is positive. If the patient has been on treatment (e.g. glucocorticoids), the test may be false negative. The test is not commonly performed, and in the UK no substrate has been available since 1996. There is a concern that certain infections, such as bovine spongiform encephalopathy, could be transferred through a Kveim test. It is named for the Norwegian pathologist Morten Ansgar Kveim, who first reported the test in 1941 using lymph node tissue from sarcoidosis patients. It was popularised by the American physician Louis Siltzbach, who introduced a modified form using spleen tissue in 1954. Kveim's work was a refinement of earlier studies performed by Nickerson, who in 1935 first repor ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
