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Shihan (single Hill)
Shihan or Shikhan ( ba, Шихан) is a hill or ridge of isolated chalk hills that are stretched out along with the Belaya River, next to the Sterlitamak city in Bashkortostan Republic, Russia. Prominently standing out of the landscape (akin to buttes) they are notable local landmarks. In the Western Urals, the shihans geologically are reef residues left by ancient seas and are composed of sedimentary limestone. In the Urals, shihans are rocky peaks of the mountains. In the Volga region shihans often can be met on the slopes of river valleys. Shihans in Bashkortostan The ridge in Bashkortostan consist of four isolated mountains: Toratau, Shakhtau, Yuraktau and Kushtau, forming a narrow chain stretching along the Belaya River () for 20 km. The mountains are located nearby Sterlitamak, Ishimbay and Salavat cities and are remnants of Fringing reef that formed in warm seas of early Permian period. The sediments have fossils that mostly consist of remains of ancient invert ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chalk
Chalk is a soft, white, porous, sedimentary carbonate rock. It is a form of limestone composed of the mineral calcite and originally formed deep under the sea by the compression of microscopic plankton that had settled to the sea floor. Chalk is common throughout Western Europe, where deposits underlie parts of France, and steep cliffs are often seen where they meet the sea in places such as the Dover cliffs on the Kent coast of the English Channel. Chalk is mined for use in industry, such as for quicklime, bricks and builder's putty, and in agriculture, for raising pH in soils with high acidity. It is also used for " blackboard chalk" for writing and drawing on various types of surfaces, although these can also be manufactured from other carbonate-based minerals, or gypsum. Description Chalk is a fine-textured, earthy type of limestone distinguished by its light color, softness, and high porosity. It is composed mostly of tiny fragments of the calcite shells or skeletons ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Yuraktau
Yuraktau ( ba, Йөрәктау — "heart mountain") is one of the four shihans, located in Ishimbaysky District, on the border with the city Sterlitamak Sterlitamak ( rus, Стерлитама́к, p=stʲɪrlʲɪtɐˈmak; ba, Стәрлетамаҡ, translit=Stärletamaq; ) is the second largest city in the Republic of Bashkortostan, Russia, located on the left bank of the Belaya River (Kama's .... It is a remainder of a reef, the Lower Permian (Late Paleozoic) reef massif, formed over 230 million years ago in the tropical sea. This natural monument may be destroyed by The Bashkir soda company and Russian authorities. Physiographic characteristics Length - 1 km, width 850 m, height - above the Belaya River- 220 m, above the soil level - 200 m, the absolute height above the sea level - 338 m. Has a conical shape. Slopes - 20-30 degrees, but do not form rocky ledges. The lower part is covered with scree. At the base of the northern slope of the mountain are sprin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
North Downs
The North Downs are a ridge of chalk hills in south east England that stretch from Farnham in Surrey to the White Cliffs of Dover in Kent. Much of the North Downs comprises two Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONBs): the Surrey Hills and the Kent Downs. The North Downs Way National Trail runs along the North Downs from Farnham to Dover. The highest point in the North Downs is Botley Hill, Surrey ( above sea level). The ''County Top'' of Kent is Betsom's Hill ( above sea level), which is less than 1 km from Westerham Heights, Bromley, the highest point in Greater London at an elevation of . Etymology 'Downs' is from Old English ''dun'', meaning, amongst other things, "hill". The word acquired the sense of "elevated rolling grassland" around the 14th century. The name contains "North" to distinguish them from a similar range of hills – the South Downs – which runs roughly parallel to them but some to the south. Geography The narrow spine of the Hog's Back between ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hills Of Russia
A hill is a landform that extends above the surrounding terrain. It often has a distinct summit. Terminology The distinction between a hill and a mountain is unclear and largely subjective, but a hill is universally considered to be not as tall, or as steep as a mountain. Geographers historically regarded mountains as hills greater than above sea level, which formed the basis of the plot of the 1995 film ''The Englishman who Went up a Hill but Came down a Mountain''. In contrast, hillwalkers have tended to regard mountains as peaks above sea level. The ''Oxford English Dictionary'' also suggests a limit of and Whittow states "Some authorities regard eminences above as mountains, those below being referred to as hills." Today, a mountain is usually defined in the UK and Ireland as any summit at least high, while the official UK government's definition of a mountain is a summit of or higher. Some definitions include a topographical prominence requirement, typically or ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Scree
Scree is a collection of broken rock fragments at the base of a cliff or other steep rocky mass that has accumulated through periodic rockfall. Landforms associated with these materials are often called talus deposits. Talus deposits typically have a concave upwards form, where the maximum inclination corresponds to the angle of repose of the mean debris particle size. The exact definition of scree in the primary literature is somewhat relaxed, and it often overlaps with both ''talus'' and ''colluvium''. The term ''scree'' comes from the Old Norse term for landslide, ''skriða'', while the term ''talus'' is a French word meaning a slope or embankment. In high-altitude arctic and subarctic regions, scree slopes and talus deposits are typically adjacent to hills and river valleys. These steep slopes usually originate from late-Pleistocene periglacial processes. Notable scree sites in Eastern North America include the Ice Caves at White Rocks National Recreation Area in southern Ve ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Permian
The Permian ( ) is a geologic period and stratigraphic system which spans 47 million years from the end of the Carboniferous Period million years ago (Mya), to the beginning of the Triassic Period 251.9 Mya. It is the last period of the Paleozoic Era; the following Triassic Period belongs to the Mesozoic Era. The concept of the Permian was introduced in 1841 by geologist Sir Roderick Murchison, who named it after the region of Perm in Russia. The Permian witnessed the diversification of the two groups of amniotes, the synapsids and the sauropsids ( reptiles). The world at the time was dominated by the supercontinent Pangaea, which had formed due to the collision of Euramerica and Gondwana during the Carboniferous. Pangaea was surrounded by the superocean Panthalassa. The Carboniferous rainforest collapse left behind vast regions of desert within the continental interior. Amniotes, which could better cope with these drier conditions, rose to dominance in place of their am ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fringing Reef
A fringing reef is one of the three main types of coral reef. It is distinguished from the other main types, barrier reefs and atolls, in that it has either an entirely shallow backreef zone (lagoon) or none at all. If a fringing reef grows directly from the shoreline, then the reef flat extends to the beach and there is no backreef. In other cases (e.g., most of the Bahamas), fringing reefs may grow hundreds of yards from shore and contain extensive backreef areas within which it contains food and water, examples are Philippines, Indonesia, Timor-Leste, the western coast of Australia, the Caribbean, East Africa, and Red Sea. Charles Darwin believed that fringing reefs are the first kind of reefs to form around a landmass in a long-term reef growth process.Kennedy, D.M. and Woodroffe, C.D. 2002.Fringing reef growth and morphology: a review. ''Earth-Science Reviews''. 57:255-277. The largest fringing coral reef in the world is the Ningaloo Reef, stretching to around along the coas ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ishimbay
Ishimbay (russian: Ишимба́й; ba, Ишембай, translit=İşembay) is a town in the Republic of Bashkortostan, Russia, located on the banks of the Belaya and Tayruk Rivers, south of Ufa. Population: Administrative and municipal status Within the framework of administrative divisions, Ishimbay serves as the administrative center of Ishimbaysky District, even though it is not a part of it.Resolution #391 As an administrative division, it is incorporated separately as the town of republic significance of Ishimbay—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts. As a municipal division, the town of republic significance of Ishimbay is incorporated within Ishimbaysky Municipal District as Ishimbay Urban Settlement.Law #126-z Climate The climate of Ishimbay is continental with the average annual temperature being , ranging from in January to in July. Demographics Ethnic composition: *Russians: 51.7% (34 080) *Bashkirs: 28.4% (18 990) *Tatar ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kushtau
Kushtau ( ba, Ҡуштау — «twin mountain») – is a shihan hill located in Ishimbaysky District along with Sterlitamak city's border, Russia. The mountain is a reef of an ancient tropical sea of the Lower Permian (Late Paleozoic) period formed over 230 million years ago. Mining controversy In 2018 the mountain was intended to be developed as quarry to extract chalk by local authorities. The Bashkir soda company was interested in buying mining rights, but the development plan was protested by a group of local eco-activists, who prevented it from getting access to the mountain. Despite an outcry of the Bashkir public, the Shihan's rights of mining were transferred by Radiy Habirov, at the time the head of Bashkortostan, to the Bashkir soda company. In 2020 however after long confrontation between local activists and authorities the latter suspended their mining plans and formally called sides to make a compromise over the mountain's future by offering a new plan to designat ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Shakhtau
Шах Shakhtau( ba, Шаһтау — «king-mountain») - one of the four shihans, located in Ishimbaysky District, on the border with the Shakhtau microdistrict of the city Sterlitamak. The name of the mountain has several variations: ''Shachtau'', ''Shaketau'', ''Ashak-tau'', ''Tsar-Gora''. One of the chain of four shihans in the vicinity of the Ishimbay and Sterlitamak cities. Along with Toratau, Yuraktau and Kushtau, which are selected in the short list of the project "Seven Wonders of Russia" (as well Shihany). The name "Shakhtau" is known to the Balkarians and Karachais, so they call Elbrus. Like the other shihans, the remainder of the Permian period (late Paleozoic) reef massif formed over 230 million years ago in the tropical sea. Now the mountain is completely destroyed as a result of geological work to obtain raw materials for Bashkir soda company; in place of the shihan is a quarry. The fate of Shakhtau can comprehend several similar shihans. In Bashkortostan there ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hill
A hill is a landform that extends above the surrounding terrain. It often has a distinct Summit (topography), summit. Terminology The distinction between a hill and a mountain is unclear and largely subjective, but a hill is universally considered to be not as tall, or as Grade (slope), steep as a mountain. Geographers historically regarded mountains as hills greater than above sea level, which formed the basis of the plot of the 1995 film ''The Englishman who Went up a Hill but Came down a Mountain''. In contrast, hillwalkers have tended to regard mountains as peaks above sea level. The ''Oxford English Dictionary'' also suggests a limit of and Whittow states "Some authorities regard eminences above as mountains, those below being referred to as hills." Today, a mountain is usually defined in the UK and Ireland as any summit at least high, while the official UK government's definition of a mountain is a summit of or higher. Some definitions include a topographical pro ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Toratau
Toratau ( ba, Торатау — «fortress mountain») - one of the four shihans, located in Ishimbaysky District, on the border with the city Sterlitamak. The remainder of the reef, the Lower Permian (Late Paleozoic) reef massif, formed over 230 million years ago in the tropical sea. This natural monument may be destroyed by The Bashkir soda company and Russian authorities. Physiographic characteristic Length - 1 km, width 850 m, height - above the Belaya River- 220 m, above the soil level - 200 m, the absolute height above the sea level - 338 m. Has a conical shape. Slopes - 20-30 degrees, but do not form rocky ledges. The lower part is covered with screes. At the base of the northern slope of the mountain there are springs, one with sulphurous water. At the foot of Yuraktau is located the lake Moksha. File:Toratau 1.jpg, File:Shihan Toratau.jpg, Shihan Toratau in the colors of the Flag of Bashkortostan The flag of the Republic of Bashkortostan ( ba, Башҡо ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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