|
Seven-dimensional Space
In mathematics, a sequence of ''n'' real numbers can be understood as a location in ''n''-dimensional space. When ''n'' = 7, the set of all such locations is called 7-dimensional space. Often such a space is studied as a vector space, without any notion of distance. Seven-dimensional Euclidean space is seven-dimensional space equipped with a Euclidean metric, which is defined by the dot product. More generally, the term may refer to a seven-dimensional vector space over any field, such as a seven-dimensional complex vector space, which has 14 real dimensions. It may also refer to a seven-dimensional manifold such as a 7-sphere, or a variety of other geometric constructions. Seven-dimensional spaces have a number of special properties, many of them related to the octonions. An especially distinctive property is that a cross product can be defined only in three or seven dimensions. This is related to Hurwitz's theorem, which prohibits the existence of algebraic structures like the q ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mathematics
Mathematics is an area of knowledge that includes the topics of numbers, formulas and related structures, shapes and the spaces in which they are contained, and quantities and their changes. These topics are represented in modern mathematics with the major subdisciplines of number theory, algebra, geometry, and analysis, respectively. There is no general consensus among mathematicians about a common definition for their academic discipline. Most mathematical activity involves the discovery of properties of abstract objects and the use of pure reason to prove them. These objects consist of either abstractions from nature orin modern mathematicsentities that are stipulated to have certain properties, called axioms. A ''proof'' consists of a succession of applications of deductive rules to already established results. These results include previously proved theorems, axioms, andin case of abstraction from naturesome basic properties that are considered true starting points of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Polytope
In elementary geometry, a polytope is a geometric object with flat sides (''faces''). Polytopes are the generalization of three-dimensional polyhedra to any number of dimensions. Polytopes may exist in any general number of dimensions as an -dimensional polytope or -polytope. For example, a two-dimensional polygon is a 2-polytope and a three-dimensional polyhedron is a 3-polytope. In this context, "flat sides" means that the sides of a -polytope consist of -polytopes that may have -polytopes in common. Some theories further generalize the idea to include such objects as unbounded apeirotopes and tessellations, decompositions or tilings of curved manifolds including spherical polyhedra, and set-theoretic abstract polytopes. Polytopes of more than three dimensions were first discovered by Ludwig Schläfli before 1853, who called such a figure a polyschem. The German term ''polytop'' was coined by the mathematician Reinhold Hoppe, and was introduced to English mathematicians as ' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Coxeter Plane
In mathematics, the Coxeter number ''h'' is the order of a Coxeter element of an irreducible Coxeter group. It is named after H.S.M. Coxeter. Definitions Note that this article assumes a finite Coxeter group. For infinite Coxeter groups, there are multiple conjugacy classes of Coxeter elements, and they have infinite order. There are many different ways to define the Coxeter number ''h'' of an irreducible root system. A Coxeter element is a product of all simple reflections. The product depends on the order in which they are taken, but different orderings produce conjugate elements, which have the same order. *The Coxeter number is the order of any Coxeter element;. *The Coxeter number is 2''m''/''n'', where ''n'' is the rank, and ''m'' is the number of reflections. In the crystallographic case, ''m'' is half the number of roots; and ''2m''+''n'' is the dimension of the corresponding semisimple Lie algebra. *If the highest root is Σ''m''iα''i'' for simple roots α''i'', th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1 32 Polytope
In 7-dimensional geometry, 132 is a uniform polytope, constructed from the E7 group. Its Coxeter symbol is 132, describing its bifurcating Coxeter-Dynkin diagram, with a single ring on the end of one of the 1-node sequences. The rectified 132 is constructed by points at the mid-edges of the 132. These polytopes are part of a family of 127 (27-1) convex uniform polytopes in 7-dimensions, made of uniform polytope facets and vertex figures, defined by all permutations of rings in this Coxeter-Dynkin diagram: . 1_32 polytope This polytope can tessellate 7-dimensional space, with symbol 133, and Coxeter-Dynkin diagram, . It is the Voronoi cell of the dual E7* lattice. Alternate names * Emanuel Lodewijk Elte named it V576 (for its 576 vertices) in his 1912 listing of semiregular polytopes. * Coxeter called it 132 for its bifurcating Coxeter-Dynkin diagram, with a single ring on the end of the 1-node branch. * ''Pentacontihexa-hecatonicosihexa-exon'' (Acronym lin) - 56-126 f ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
2 31 Polytope
In 7-dimensional geometry, 231 is a uniform polytope, constructed from the E7 group. Its Coxeter symbol is 231, describing its bifurcating Coxeter-Dynkin diagram, with a single ring on the end of the 2-node branch. The rectified 231 is constructed by points at the mid-edges of the 231. These polytopes are part of a family of 127 (or 27−1) convex uniform polytopes in 7-dimensions, made of uniform polytope facets and vertex figures, defined by all permutations of rings in this Coxeter-Dynkin diagram: . 2_31 polytope The 231 is composed of 126 vertices, 2016 edges, 10080 faces (Triangles), 20160 cells (tetrahedra), 16128 4-faces ( 3-simplexes), 4788 5-faces (756 pentacrosses, and 4032 5-simplexes), 632 6-faces (576 6-simplexes and 56 221). Its vertex figure is a 6-demicube. Its 126 vertices represent the root vectors of the simple Lie group E7. This polytope is the vertex figure for a uniform tessellation of 7-dimensional space, 331. Alternate names * E. L. E ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
3 21 Polytope
In 7-dimensional geometry, the 321 polytope is a uniform 7-polytope, constructed within the symmetry of the E7 (mathematics), E7 group. It was discovered by Thorold Gosset, published in his 1900 paper. He called it an Semiregular polytope, 7-ic semi-regular figure.Gosset, 1900 Its Coxeter symbol is 321, describing its bifurcating Coxeter-Dynkin diagram, with a single ring on the end of one of the 3-node sequences. The rectified 321 is constructed by points at the mid-edges of the 321. The birectified 321 is constructed by points at the triangle face centers of the 321. The trirectified 321 is constructed by points at the tetrahedral centers of the 321, and is the same as the rectified 132. These polytopes are part of a family of 127 (27-1) convex Uniform 7-polytope, uniform polytopes in 7-dimensions, made of uniform 6-polytope facets and vertex figures, defined by all permutations of rings in this Coxeter-Dynkin diagram: . 321 polytope In 7-dimensional geometry, the 321 is a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
7-demicube
In geometry, a demihepteract or 7-demicube is a uniform 7-polytope, constructed from the 7-hypercube (hepteract) with alternated vertices removed. It is part of a dimensionally infinite family of uniform polytopes called demihypercubes. E. L. Elte identified it in 1912 as a semiregular polytope, labeling it as HM7 for a 7-dimensional ''half measure'' polytope. Coxeter named this polytope as 141 from its Coxeter diagram, with a ring on one of the 1-length branches, and Schläfli symbol \left\ or . Cartesian coordinates Cartesian coordinates for the vertices of a demihepteract centered at the origin are alternate halves of the hepteract: : (±1,±1,±1,±1,±1,±1,±1) with an odd number of plus signs. Images As a configuration This configuration matrix represents the 7-demicube. The rows and columns correspond to vertices, edges, faces, cells, 4-faces, 5-faces and 6-faces. The diagonal numbers say how many of each element occur in the whole 7-demicube. The nondiagonal n ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Coxeter Group
In mathematics, a Coxeter group, named after H. S. M. Coxeter, is an abstract group that admits a formal description in terms of reflections (or kaleidoscopic mirrors). Indeed, the finite Coxeter groups are precisely the finite Euclidean reflection groups; the symmetry groups of regular polyhedra are an example. However, not all Coxeter groups are finite, and not all can be described in terms of symmetries and Euclidean reflections. Coxeter groups were introduced in 1934 as abstractions of reflection groups , and finite Coxeter groups were classified in 1935 . Coxeter groups find applications in many areas of mathematics. Examples of finite Coxeter groups include the symmetry groups of regular polytopes, and the Weyl groups of simple Lie algebras. Examples of infinite Coxeter groups include the triangle groups corresponding to regular tessellations of the Euclidean plane and the hyperbolic plane, and the Weyl groups of infinite-dimensional Kac–Moody algebras. Standard ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Uniform 7-polytope
In seven-dimensional geometry, a 7-polytope is a polytope contained by 6-polytope facets. Each 5-polytope ridge being shared by exactly two 6-polytope facets. A uniform 7-polytope is one whose symmetry group is transitive on vertices and whose facets are uniform 6-polytopes. Regular 7-polytopes Regular 7-polytopes are represented by the Schläfli symbol with u 6-polytopes facets around each 4-face. There are exactly three such convex regular 7-polytopes: # - 7-simplex # - 7-cube # - 7-orthoplex There are no nonconvex regular 7-polytopes. Characteristics The topology of any given 7-polytope is defined by its Betti numbers and torsion coefficients.Richeson, D.; ''Euler's Gem: The Polyhedron Formula and the Birth of Topoplogy'', Princeton, 2008. The value of the Euler characteristic used to characterise polyhedra does not generalize usefully to higher dimensions, whatever their underlying topology. This inadequacy of the Euler characteristic to reliably distinguis ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
7-orthoplex
In geometry, a 7-orthoplex, or 7-cross polytope, is a regular 7-polytope with 14 Vertex (geometry), vertices, 84 Edge (geometry), edges, 280 triangle Face (geometry), faces, 560 tetrahedron Cell (mathematics), cells, 672 5-cells ''4-faces'', 448 ''5-faces'', and 128 ''6-faces''. It has two constructed forms, the first being regular with Schläfli symbol , and the second with alternately labeled (checkerboarded) facets, with Schläfli symbol or Coxeter symbol 411. It is a part of an infinite family of polytopes, called cross-polytopes or ''orthoplexes''. The dual polytope is the 7-hypercube, or hepteract. Alternate names * Heptacross, derived from combining the family name ''cross polytope'' with ''hept'' for seven (dimensions) in Greek language, Greek. * Hecatonicosoctaexon as a 128-Facet (geometry), facetted 7-polytope (polyexon). As a configuration This Regular 4-polytope#As configurations, configuration matrix represents the 7-orthoplex. The rows and columns correspond t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
7-cube
In geometry, a 7-cube is a seven-dimensional hypercube with 128 vertices, 448 edges, 672 square faces, 560 cubic cells, 280 tesseract 4-faces, 84 penteract 5-faces, and 14 hexeract 6-faces. It can be named by its Schläfli symbol , being composed of 3 6-cubes around each 5-face. It can be called a hepteract, a portmanteau of tesseract (the ''4-cube'') and ''hepta'' for seven (dimensions) in Greek. It can also be called a regular tetradeca-7-tope or tetradecaexon, being a 7 dimensional polytope constructed from 14 regular facets. Related polytopes The ''7-cube'' is 7th in a series of hypercube: The dual of a 7-cube is called a 7-orthoplex, and is a part of the infinite family of cross-polytopes. Applying an '' alternation'' operation, deleting alternating vertices of the hepteract, creates another uniform polytope, called a demihepteract, (part of an infinite family called demihypercubes), which has 14 demihexeractic and 64 6-simplex 6-faces. As a configuration Thi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
