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Sciaroidea
Sciaroidea is a superfamily in the infraorder Bibionomorpha. There are about 16 families and more than 15,000 described species in Sciaroidea. Most of its constituent families are various gnats. Description As nematoceran flies, sciaroid adults generally have long segmented antennae, while their larvae have a well-developed head and mouthparts. Aside from this, sciaroids vary in appearance. For example, Sciaridae adults have each eye extended dorsally to form an "eye bridge", a feature not found in related families. Cecidomyiidae adults have a distinctive reduced wing venation, while their larvae are atypical for nematoceran larvae in having a very small head capsule. Ecology Most fungus gnats (Sciaroidea excluding Cecidomyiidae) live in forests with their larvae occurring in fungi, dead wood and soil. There are some which live in wetlands such as fens. Several genera of Sciaridae and Mycetophilidae may reach high abundances in damp buildings with wet organic matter. So ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lygistorrhinidae
Lygistorrhinidae is a family of long-beaked fungus gnats in the order Diptera. There are about 7 genera and at least 30 described species in Lygistorrhinidae. Genera *†'' Archaeognoriste'' Blagoderov & Grimaldi, 2004 *'' Asiorrhina'' Blagoderov, Hippa & Sevcik, 2009 *'' Blagorrhina'' Hippa, Mattsson & Vilkamaa, 2005 *'' Gracilorrhina'' Hippa, Mattsson & Vilkamaa, 2005 *'' Labellorrhina'' Hippa, Mattsson & Vilkamaa, 2005 *'' Loyugesa'' Grimaldi & Blagoderov, 2001 *'' Lygistorrhina'' Skuse, 1890 *'' Matileola'' Papp 2002 *†'' Palaeognoriste'' Meunier, 1904 *† A dagger, obelisk, or obelus is a typographical mark that usually indicates a footnote if an asterisk has already been used. The symbol is also used to indicate death (of people) or extinction (of species). It is one of the modern descendan ...'' Plesiognoriste'' Blagoderov & Grimaldi, 2004 *'' Probolaeus'' Williston, 1896 *'' Seguyola'' Matile, 1990 References Further reading * * * * * * Ext ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bolitophilidae
''Bolitophila'' is the sole living genus in the Bolitophilidae, a family of Diptera in the superfamily Sciaroidea, with around 40 Palaearctic and about 20 Nearctic species, and three species from the Oriental region (Taiwan). They are small (6–9 mm). Morphology Biology The larvae of ''Bolitophila'' are mycetophagous and live in decaying wood or other organic debris overgrown by fungal plant substrates. Pupation takes place inside the fungal mycelium in soil or litter. Adults prefer shady and humid environments and can be found in the undergrowth of mixed forests, often near watercourses. Evolutionary history The oldest fossils belonging to ''Bolitophila'' are known from the Eocene, with ''Bolitophila warreni'' known from the Lutetian aged Kishenehn Formation in Montana and ''Bolitophila rohdendorfi'' known from Baltic amber. The closest known relative to ''Bolitophila'' and only other known member of the family is the extinct genus ''Mangas,'' known from the Lower ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Diadocidiidae
The Diadocidiidae are a family of flies (Diptera), containing one extant genus with over 20 species and one extinct genus. Diadocidiidae are found worldwide, except in Africa and Antarctica. They are usually considered close to the Keroplatidae, Bolitophilidae, and Ditomyiidae, and used to be included in the Mycetophilidae. They are woodland flies, found in shaded places in forests or near streams. The larvae spin silken tubes under bark or in dead logs, and feed on hymenium of Polyporaceae fungi. The average body length for adults is around 2.5–5.6 mm. Genera * '' Diadocidia'' Ruthe 1831 Eocene-Present * †'' Docidiadia'' Blagoderov and Grimaldi 2004 Burmese amber, Myanmar, Cenomanian References Further reading *Laštovka P. & Matile L. 1972 Révision des Diadocidia Holarctiques ipt. Mycetophilidae'' Annales de la Société Entomologique de France Annals are a concise form of historical writing which record events chronologically, year by year. The equivalent word in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ditomyiidae
The Ditomyiidae are a small (90 species) family of flies (Diptera).They are found worldwide (except in the Afrotropical Region), most species are found in the Australasian and Neotropical realms. There are only two genera in Europe ''Ditomyia'' Winnertz, 1846 and ''Symmerus'' Walker, 1848 ''Ditomyia'' is found in Central Europe ''Symmerus'' in Northern Europe ''Symmerus'' is endemic to the Palaearctic. Genera *''Asioditomyia'' Saigusa, 1973 *''Australosymmerus'' (Freeman, 1951) *''Ditomyia'' Winnertz, 1846 *''Neocrionisca'' Papavero, 1977 *''Nervijuncta'' Marshall, 1896 *''Rhipidita'' Edwards, 1940 *''Symmerus'' Walker, 1848 *'' Burmasymmerus'' Burmese amber, Myanmar, Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian The Cenomanian is, in the ICS' geological timescale, the oldest or earliest age of the Late Cretaceous Epoch or the lowest stage of the Upper Cretaceous Series. An age is a unit of geochronology; it is a unit of time; the stage is a unit in ...) References Nemato ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rangomaramidae
Rangomaramidae is a family of flies in the infraorder Bibionomorpha. The family, members of which are known as long-winged fungus gnats, was erected in 2002 by Jaschhof and Didham to include five new species of flies in the genus '' Rangomarama'' from New Zealand. The family was then expanded to include several other genera from across the world but preliminary studies show that the broad family, comprising several genera, is non-monophyletic. References {{taxonbar, from=Q1946945 Nematocera families Sciaroidea ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fungus
A fungus ( : fungi or funguses) is any member of the group of eukaryotic organisms that includes microorganisms such as yeasts and molds, as well as the more familiar mushrooms. These organisms are classified as a kingdom, separately from the other eukaryotic kingdoms, which by one traditional classification include Plantae, Animalia, Protozoa, and Chromista. A characteristic that places fungi in a different kingdom from plants, bacteria, and some protists is chitin in their cell walls. Fungi, like animals, are heterotrophs; they acquire their food by absorbing dissolved molecules, typically by secreting digestive enzymes into their environment. Fungi do not photosynthesize. Growth is their means of mobility, except for spores (a few of which are flagellated), which may travel through the air or water. Fungi are the principal decomposers in ecological systems. These and other differences place fungi in a single group of related organisms, named the ''Eumycota'' (''tru ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Archizelmiridae
Archizelmiridae is an extinct family of flies, known from the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods. It belongs to the Sciaroidea, and has suggested to have a close relationship with Sciaridae. Genera * '' Archimelzira'' Grimaldi et al. 2003 New Jersey amber, Late Cretaceous (Turonian) * '' Archizelmira'' Rohdendorf 1962 Itat Formation, Russia, Middle Jurassic (Bathonian) Karabastau Formation, Kazakhstan, Middle-Late Jurassic (Callovian/ Oxfordian) Shar Teeg, Mongolia, Late Jurassic ( Tithonian) Zaza Formation, Russia, Early Cretaceous ( Aptian) * '' Burmazelmira'' Grimaldi et al. 2003 Spanish amber, Escucha Formation, Early Cretaceous (Albian), Burmese amber, Myanmar, Late Cretaceous ( Cenomanian) * '' Zelmiarcha'' Grimaldi et al. 2003 Lebanese amber, Early Cretaceous (Barremian The Barremian is an age in the geologic timescale (or a chronostratigraphic stage) between 129.4 ± 1.5 Ma (million years ago) and 121.4 ± 1.0 Ma). It is a subdivision of the Early Cretaceous Epoc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Keroplatidae
The Keroplatidae are a family of small fly, flies known as fungus gnats. About 950 species are described, but the true number of species is undoubtedly much higher. They are generally forest dwellers found in the damp habitats favoured by their host fungus, fungi. They can also often be found in caves. Larvae both feed on fungi and are predatory - they can spin webs by secreting acid fluids, which they use to kill smaller invertebrates and capture spores. Some of the predatory larvae cannibalize pupa of their own species. They notably include the genus ''Arachnocampa''; the larvae of which are known as "glowworms" in Australia and New Zealand. The fossil record of the family extends back into the Cretaceous, with the oldest named member, ''Lebanognoriste'' known from the Barremian aged Lebanese amber, other Cretaceous species are known from the Spanish amber, Spanish, Burmese amber, Burmese, Bezonnais amber, Bezonnais, Taimyr amber, Taimyr and Canadian amber, Canadian ambers. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hessian Fly
The Hessian fly or barley midge, ''Mayetiola destructor'', is a species of fly that is a significant pest of cereal crops including wheat, barley and rye. Though a native of Asia, upon its discovery it was believed to have been transported into North America in the straw bedding of Hessian troops during the American Revolution (1775–1783), thus the origin of its common name. However, the report of an inquiry made in 1788 by Sir Joseph Banks states that "no such insect could be found to exist in Germany or any other part of Europe". Nonetheless, it appears that this species, or one exactly like it in habits, had been known for at least a century prior to the American revolution from a locality near Geneva, and also for a long time from some regions in France. There are usually two generations a year but may be up to five. In the spring the dark-coloured female lays about 250 to 300 reddish eggs on plants, usually where the stems are covered by leaves; the larvae feed on the sap ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gustaf Johan Billberg
Gustaf Johan Billberg (14 June 1772, Karlskrona – 26 November 1844, Stockholm) was a Swedish botanist, zoologist and anatomist, although professionally and by training he was a lawyer and used science and biology as an avocation. The plant genus '' Billbergia'' was named for him by Carl Peter Thunberg. Biography In 1790 he earned his legal degree at the University of Lund, later working as an auditor at the audit chamber in Stockholm from 1793. In 1798 he became a member of the county administrative board (''landskamrerare'') in Visby. In 1808 he returned to Stockholm, where from 1812 to 1837, he served as a member of the administrative court (''kammarrättsråd''). He was promoted in 1824 to head the ministry of the Board of Customs (''generaltullstyrelsen''). In 1812, he purchased the right of publishing to the precious work of ''Svensk Botanik'' from the estate of Johan Wilhelm Palmstruch. He subsequently prepared two parts for publication during 1812–1819. He was elec ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Extinction
Extinction is the termination of a kind of organism or of a group of kinds (taxon), usually a species. The moment of extinction is generally considered to be the death of the last individual of the species, although the capacity to breed and recover may have been lost before this point. Because a species' potential range may be very large, determining this moment is difficult, and is usually done retrospectively. This difficulty leads to phenomena such as Lazarus taxa, where a species presumed extinct abruptly "reappears" (typically in the fossil record) after a period of apparent absence. More than 99% of all species that ever lived on Earth, amounting to over five billion species, are estimated to have died out. It is estimated that there are currently around 8.7 million species of eukaryote globally, and possibly many times more if microorganisms, like bacteria, are included. Notable extinct animal species include non-avian dinosaurs, saber-toothed cats, dodos, m ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mycetophilidae
The Mycetophilidae are a family of small flies, forming the bulk of those species known as fungus gnats. About 3000 described species are placed in 150 genera, but the true number of species is undoubtedly much higher. They are generally found in the damp habitats favoured by their host fungi and sometimes form dense swarms. Adults of this family can usually be separated from other small flies by the strongly humped thorax, well-developed coxae, and often spinose legs, but identification within the family between genera and species generally requires close study of microscopic features such as subtle differences in wing venation and variation in chaetotaxy and genitalia. The terrestrial larvae usually feed on fungi, especially the fruiting bodies, but also spores and hyphae, but some species have been recorded on mosses and liverworts. The larvae of some species, while still being associated with fungi, are at least partly predatory. Some species are attracted to the fungus s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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