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Satellite (biology)
A satellite is a subviral agent that depends on the coinfection of a host cell with a helper virus for its replication. Satellites can be divided into two major classes: satellite viruses and satellite nucleic acids. Satellite viruses, which are most commonly associated with plants, are also found in mammals, arthropods, and bacteria. They encode structural proteins to enclose their genetic material, which are therefore distinct from the structural proteins of their helper viruses. Satellite nucleic acids, in contrast, do not encode their own structural proteins, but instead are encapsulated by proteins encoded by their helper viruses. The genomes of satellites range upward from 359 nucleotides in length for satellite tobacco ringspot virus RNA (STobRV). Most viruses have the capability to use host enzymes or their own replication machinery to independently replicate their own viral RNA. Satellites, in contrast, are completely dependent on a helper virus for replication. The ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Subviral Agent
Virus classification is the process of naming viruses and placing them into a Alpha taxonomy, taxonomic system similar to the classification systems used for cell (biology), cellular organisms. Viruses are classified by phenotypic characteristics, such as Virus#Structure, morphology, nucleic acid type, mode of replication, Host (biology), host organisms, and the type of disease they cause. The formal taxonomic classification of viruses is the responsibility of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) system, although the Baltimore classification system can be used to place viruses into one of seven groups based on their manner of mRNA synthesis. Specific naming conventions and further classification guidelines are set out by the ICTV. A catalogue of all the world's known viruses has been proposed and, in 2013, some preliminary efforts were underway. Definitions Species definition Species form the basis for any biological classification system. Before 1982, it ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Maize White Line Mosaic Satellite Virus
Maize white line mosaic satellite virus (syn. Satellite maize white line mosaic virus, Satellite virus of maize white line mosaic virus, SMWLMV, SV-MWLMV) is a plant satellite virus. It is the only species in genus ''Aumaivirus'', which is a member of realm ''Riboviria'' without assigned family or order. It only infects maize which is infected by ''Maize white line mosaic virus'' (MWLMV) of genus ''Aureusvirus''.Mart KrupovicPlant Satellite Viruses (Albetovirus, Aumaivirus, Papanivirus, Virtovirus)(PDF). In: Reference Module in Life Sciences. Jan 2020. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-809633-8.21289-2ResearchGate Etymology The genus name, ''Aumaivirus'', is a combination of ''Aureusvirus'' (the name of the helper virus) and maize, the host plant of the only species of the genus. Virology SMWLMV has a genome consisting of linear single-stranded RNA of positive polarity. It has a length of 1,168 nucleotides and consists of a single gene that encodes a capsid protein (CP). It neither ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mavirus Virophage
''Mavirus'' is a genus of double stranded DNA virus that can infect the marine phagotrophic flagellate ''Cafeteria roenbergensis'', but only in the presence of the giant ''CroV'' virus (''Cafeteria roenbergensis''). The genus contains only one species, ''Cafeteriavirus-dependent mavirus''. ''Mavirus'' can integrate into the genome of cells of ''C. roenbergensis'', and thereby confer immunity to the population The name is derived from Maverick virus. The virophage was discovered by Matthias G. Fischer of the University of British Columbia while he was working on Cafeteria roenbergensis virus as part of his PhD. __TOC__ Virology The genome is 19,063 bases in length and encodes 20 predicted coding sequences. Seven have homology to the Maverick/Polinton family of transposons. The genome encodes a retroviral integrase, an adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase), a cysteine protease and a protein primed DNA polymerase B. Classification ''Mavirus'' is a genus in the family ''Lavidavir ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Zamilon Virophage
''Mimivirus-dependent virus Zamilon'', or Zamilon, is a virophage, a group of small DNA viruses that infect protists and require a helper virus to replicate; they are a type of satellite virus. Discovered in 2013 in Tunisia, infecting ''Acanthamoeba polyphaga'' amoebae, Zamilon most closely resembles Sputnik, the first virophage to be discovered. The name is Arabic for "the neighbour". Its spherical particle is 50–60 nm in diameter, and contains a circular double-stranded DNA genome of around 17 kb, which is predicted to encode 20 polypeptides. A related strain, Zamilon 2, has been identified in North America. All known virophages are associated with helpers in the giant DNA virus family ''Mimiviridae''. Zamilon is restricted in its range of helper viruses; it can be supported by viruses from '' Mimivirus''-like ''Mimiviridae'' lineages B and C, but not from lineage A. This appears to be a consequence of a rudimentary immune system of the helper virus, termed MIMIVI ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sputnik Virophage
''Mimivirus-dependent virus Sputnik'' (from Russian "satellite") is a subviral agent that reproduces in amoeba cells that are already infected by a certain helper virus; Sputnik uses the helper virus's machinery for reproduction and inhibits replication of the helper virus. It is known as a virophage, in analogy to the term ''bacteriophage''. Viruses like Sputnik that depend on co-infection of the host cell by helper viruses are known as satellite viruses. At its discovery in a Paris water-cooling tower in 2008, Sputnik was the first known satellite virus that inhibited replication of its helper virus and thus acted as a parasite of that virus. In analogy, it was called a ''virophage''. Sputnik virophages were found infecting giant viruses of ''Mimiviridae'' group A. However, they are able to grow in amoebae infected by ''Mimiviridae'' of any of the groups A, B, and C. Virology Sputnik was first isolated in 2008 from a sample obtained from humans; it was harvested from the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lavidaviridae
Virophages are small, double-stranded DNA viral phages that require the co-infection of another virus. The co-infecting viruses are typically giant viruses. Virophages rely on the viral replication factory of the co-infecting giant virus for their own replication. One of the characteristics of virophages is that they have a parasitic relationship with the co-infecting virus. Their dependence upon the giant virus for replication often results in the deactivation of the giant viruses. The virophage may improve the recovery and survival of the host organism. Unlike satellite viruses, virophages have a parasitic effect on their co-infecting virus. Virophages have been observed to render a giant virus inactive and thereby improve the condition of the host organism. All known virophages are grouped into the family ''Lavidaviridae'' (from "large virus dependent or associated" + -viridae). Discovery The first virophage was discovered in a cooling tower in Paris, France in 2008. I ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chronic Bee-paralysis Satellite Virus , routines of behavior that are repeated regularly
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Chronic may refer to: * Chronic (cannabis), a slang name for high quality marijuana * Chronic condition, a condition or disease that is persistent or otherwise long-lasting in its effects * Chronic toxicity, a substance with toxic effects after continuous or repeated exposure * ''Chronic'' (film), a 2015 American film * ''The Chronic'', a 1992 album by Dr. Dre * ''The Chronic 2001'', a.k.a. ''2001'', a 1999 album by Dr. Dre See also *Cronic, surname *Kronic (other) *Chronos, a personification of time in Greek mythology * Habit (psychology) A habit (or wont as a humorous and formal term) is a routine of behavior that is repeated regularly and tends to occur subconsciously. [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nilaparvata Lugens Commensal X Virus
''Nilaparvata''Distant WL (1906) ''The fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma.'' 3: 503 pp. 47 is a genus of planthoppers in the subfamily Delphacinae and tribe Delphacini Leach, 1815. Species are widely distributed in the Americas, Africa, tropical Asia and Australia. The type species, ''Nilaparvata lugens'', also known as the 'brown planthopper', is a major pest of rice crops. Species ''Fulgoromorpha Lists On the Web'' includes the following: * '' Nilaparvata albotristriata'' (Kirkaldy, 1907) * '' Nilaparvata angolensis'' Synave, 1959 * '' Nilaparvata bakeri'' (Muir, 1917) * '' Nilaparvata caldwelli'' Metcalf, 1955 * '' Nilaparvata camilla'' Fennah, 1969 * '' Nilaparvata chaeremon'' Fennah, 1975 * '' Nilaparvata diophantu'' Fennah, 1958 * '' Nilaparvata gerhardi'' (Metcalf, 1923) * ''Nilaparvata lugens The brown planthopper (BPH), ''Nilaparvata lugens'' (Stål) (Hemiptera: Delphacidae) is a planthopper species that feeds on rice plants (''Oryza sativa'' L.). ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Macrobrachium Satellite Virus 1
''Macrobrachium'' is a genus of freshwater prawns or shrimps characterised by the extreme enlargement of the second pair of pereiopods, at least in the male. Species It contains these species: *''Macrobrachium acanthochirus'' F. Villalobos, 1967 *''Macrobrachium acanthurus'' (Wiegmann, 1836) *''Macrobrachium acherontium'' Holthuis, 1977 *''Macrobrachium adscitum'' Riek, 1951 *''Macrobrachium aemulum'' (Nobili, 1906) *'' Macrobrachium agwi'' Klotz, 2008 *''Macrobrachium ahkowi'' Chong & Khoo, 1987 *''Macrobrachium altifrons'' (Henderson, 1893) *'' Macrobrachium amazonicum'' (Heller, 1862) *''Macrobrachium americanum'' Spence Bate, 1868 *''Macrobrachium amplimanus'' Cai & Dai, 1999 *''Macrobrachium andamanicum'' (Tiwari, 1952) *''Macrobrachium aracamuni'' Rodríguez, 1982 *''Macrobrachium asperulum'' (von Martens, 1868) *''Macrobrachium assamense'' (Tiwari, 1958) *''Macrobrachium atabapense'' S. Pereira, 1986 *''Macrobrachium atactum'' Riek, 1951 *''Macrobrachium auratum'' Short ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tobacco Mosaic Satellite Virus
''Tobacco virtovirus 1'', informally called Tobacco mosaic satellite virus, Satellite tobacco mosaic virus (STMV), or tobacco mosaic satellite virus, is a satellite virus first reported in ''Nicotiana glauca'' from southern California, U.S.. Its genome consists of linear positive-sense single-stranded RNA. ''Tobacco virtovirus 1'' is a small, icosahedral plant virus which worsens the symptoms of infection by ''Tobacco mosaic virus'' (TMV). Satellite viruses are some of the smallest possible reproducing units in nature; they achieve this by relying on both the host cell and a host virus (in this case, TMV) for the machinery necessary for them to reproduce. The entire ''Tobacco virtovirus 1'' particle consists of 60 identical copies of a single protein (CP) that make up the viral capsid A capsid is the protein shell of a virus, enclosing its genetic material. It consists of several oligomeric (repeating) structural subunits made of protein called protomers. The observab ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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