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Sōhyō
The , often abbreviated to , was a left-leaning union confederation. Founded in 1950, it was the largest labor federation in Japan for several decades. Origins In the immediate aftermath of Japan's defeat in World War II, the United States-led Allied Occupation of Japan issued directives legalizing labor unions, which were then protected by the new Constitution of Japan promulgated in 1947. In the early postwar years, numerous labor unions formed in industries throughout Japan, many of which were under the influence of the Japan Communist Party. However in 1950, following the advent of the global Cold War, and taking advantage of the sense of crisis precipitated by the sudden outbreak of the Korean War, conservative Japanese government and business leaders launched, with the tacit approval of US Occupation authorities, a "Red Purge" to remove communists and suspected communists from government and private-sector jobs. As part of the purge, Japanese conservatives fomented "democracy ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
National Trade Union Council (Japan)
The , commonly known in Japanese as , is a national confederation of Japanese labor unions. There was another from 1947-1950. Founding and history In the late 1980s there were many changes in the trade union movement in Japan. The two major bodies of trade unions, the General Council of Trade Unions of Japan (Sōhyō) and the Japanese Confederation of Labor (Dōmei), formed the National Confederation of Trade Unions (Rengo) in 1989, advocating the importance of the Japanese Labor Union movement being unified. On the other hand, a number of other labor unions which felt Rengo was too conservative, formed the National Confederation of Trade Unions (Zenroren), which had a close relationship with the Japanese Communist Party. There were some other labor unions which did not wish to join either Rengo or Zenroren, who formed the National Trade Union Council on December 9, 1989 with its slogan of being a "Real fighting labor union movement". This organization was born out of the Labor ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Miike Struggle
The was a year-long struggle in Japan in 1960 between the organized labor movement, backed by a variety of left wing groups, and big business organization, backed by the Japanese right, centering around a lengthy labor dispute at the Mitsui Miike Coal Mine on the west coast of Kyushu in southern Japan. Occurring at the climax of a long series of escalating strikes and other militant labor actions in 1950s Japan, the Miike Struggle was the largest labor-management dispute in Japanese history. Ultimately, the labor movement in Japan was defeated at Miike, dealing a significant blow to its prospects going forward. Background The Miike Coal Mine in northern Kyushu had long been one of Japan's largest and most productive coal mines, dating back to its earliest exploitation by the Tachibana samurai clan in the early 1700s during the Edo Period. The mine was nationalized by the Meiji government in 1873, and was privatized and sold to the Mitsui zaibatsu in 1889. Like all other i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bloody May Day
refers to a violent conflict that took place between protesters and police officers in the Kokyo Gaien National Garden in front of the Imperial Palace in Tokyo, Japan, on May 1, 1952. When a large crowd protesting the U.S.—Japan Security Treaty refused to disband, a bloody melee took place between protesters and police officers. Eventually the police officers opened fire on the crowd, killing 2 and injuring 22 with bullet wounds. Altogether, around 2,300 people (1,500 protesters and 800 police officers) were injured in the fighting. Background After Japan was defeated in World War II, a United States-led military occupation ruled the country for seven years, from 1945 to 1952. As a condition of ending the occupation, Japan was forced to sign the U.S.—Japan Security Treaty which allowed the United States to maintain military forces on Japanese soil. This treaty came into force on April 28, 1952, in tandem with the Treaty of San Francisco, which officially ended World War ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Japan Socialist Party
The was a socialist and progressive political party in Japan that existed from 1945 to 1996. The party was founded as the Social Democratic Party of Japan by members of several proletarian parties that existed before World War II, including the Social Mass Party, the Labour-Farmer Party, and the Japan Labour-Farmer Party. The party represented the Japanese left after the war, and was a major opponent of the right-wing Liberal Democratic Party. The JSP was briefly in power from 1947 to 1948. From 1951 to 1955, the JSP was divided into the Left Socialist Party and the Right Socialist Party. In 1955, Japan's two major conservative parties merged to form the Liberal Democratic Party (LDP), establishing the so-called 1955 System, which allowed the party to continuously hold power since. The JSP was the largest opposition party but was incapable of forming government. Nonetheless, the JSP managed to hold about one third of the seats in the National Diet during this period, pre ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Treaty Of Mutual Cooperation And Security Between The United States And Japan
The , more commonly known as the U.S.-Japan Security Treaty in English and as the or just in Japanese, is a treaty that permits the presence of U.S. military bases on Japanese soil, and commits the two nations to defend each other if one or the other is attacked "in the territories under the administration of Japan". Over time, it has had the effect of establishing a military alliance between the United States and Japan. The current treaty, which took effect on June 23, 1960, revised and replaced an earlier version of the treaty, which had been signed in 1951 in conjunction with the signing of the San Francisco Peace Treaty that terminated World War II in Asia as well as the U.S.-led Occupation of Japan (19451952). The revision of the treaty in 1960 was a highly contentious process in Japan, and widespread opposition to its passage led to the massive Anpo protests, which were the largest popular protests in Japan's history. The 1960 treaty significantly revised the U.S.-Ja ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
All-Japan Express Workers' Union
The Nippon Express Workers' Union (NEU, ja, 全日通労働組合, Zennittsu) is a trade union representing workers at Nippon Express in Japan. The union was founded in 1946, and initially had 120,000 members. It affiliated to Sanbetsu, then to the General Council of Trade Unions of Japan, and by 1967 its membership had fallen to 71,596. The following year, it became part of the All Japan Federation of Transport Workers' Unions The All Japan Federation of Transport Workers' Unions ( ja, 全日本運輸産業労働組合連合会, Unyu Roren) is a trade union A trade union (labor union in American English), often simply referred to as a union, is an organization of ..., to which it remains affiliated. External links *{{official website, http://www.neu.or.jp/ References Trade unions established in 1946 Trade unions in Japan Transportation trade unions ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
All Japan Federation Of Hotel Workers' Unions
The Japan Federation of Leisure-Service Industries Workers' Unions (Leisure Service Rengo) was a trade union representing workers in the hospitality, leisure and service industries in Japan. The union founded in 1948, as the All Japan Federation of Hotel Workers' Unions (Hoteru Roren). It later affiliated to the Federation of Independent Unions, and by 1970 had 6,376 members. However, in 1974 it transferred to the rival General Council of Trade Unions of Japan. From 1989, it was affiliated to the Japanese Trade Union Confederation, and by 1996 it had grown to have 46,900 members. In 2001, it merged with the Hotel and Restaurant Council of the National Federation of General Workers' Unions to form the Japan Federation of Service & Tourism Industries Workers' Unions The Japan Federation of Service & Tourism Industries Workers' Unions (STU; ja, サービス・ツーリズム産業労働組合連合会, Service Rengo) is a trade union representing workers in the service and tour ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
All Japan Federation Of Metal Miners' Unions
The All Japan Federation of Metal Miners' Unions ( ja, 全日本金属鉱山労働組合連合会, Zenko) was a trade union representing ore miners in Japan. The union was founded in 1947, and it later affiliated to the General Council of Trade Unions of Japan A general officer is an officer of high rank in the armies, and in some nations' air forces, space forces, and marines or naval infantry. In some usages the term "general officer" refers to a rank above colonel."general, adj. and n.". OED On .... By 1958, it had 57,000 members, although membership fell to 31,984 by 1970, and only 10,290 in 1980, in line with a decline in employment in the industry.{{cite web , title=百科事典マイペディアの解説 , url=https://kotobank.jp/word/%E5%85%A8%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E9%87%91%E5%B1%9E%E9%89%B1%E5%B1%B1%E5%8A%B4%E5%83%8D%E7%B5%84%E5%90%88%E9%80%A3%E5%90%88%E4%BC%9A-847593 , website=Kotobank , access-date=5 February 2022 In 1982, it merged into the new All Japan Federatio ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Harvard University Press
Harvard University Press (HUP) is a publishing house established on January 13, 1913, as a division of Harvard University, and focused on academic publishing. It is a member of the Association of American University Presses. After the retirement of William P. Sisler in 2017, the university appointed as Director George Andreou. The press maintains offices in Cambridge, Massachusetts near Harvard Square, and in London, England. The press co-founded the distributor TriLiteral LLC with MIT Press and Yale University Press. TriLiteral was sold to LSC Communications in 2018. Notable authors published by HUP include Eudora Welty, Walter Benjamin, E. O. Wilson, John Rawls, Emily Dickinson, Stephen Jay Gould, Helen Vendler, Carol Gilligan, Amartya Sen, David Blight, Martha Nussbaum, and Thomas Piketty. The Display Room in Harvard Square, dedicated to selling HUP publications, closed on June 17, 2009. Related publishers, imprints, and series HUP owns the Belknap Press imprint, whi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
All-Japan Federation Of Municipal Traffic Workers' Unions
The All Japan Municipal Transport Workers' Union ( ja, 全日本自治団体労働組合都市公共交通評議会, Toshiko) was a trade union representing transport workers employed by local authorities in Japan. The union was established in 1947 and affiliated with the Japanese Federation of Labour, and then from 1950 with the General Council of Trade Unions of Japan (Sohyo). By 1967, it had 69,789 members. The union became affiliated with the Japanese Trade Union Confederation in the late 1980s, but by 1996 was down to 43,767 members. In 2013, it merged with the All-Japan Prefectural and Municipal Workers' Union The All-Japan Prefectural and Municipal Workers' Union ( ja, 全日本自治団体労働組合, Jichiro) is a trade union representing local government workers in Japan. The union was established in January 1954, with the merger of two smaller un ....{{cite web , title=Jichiro , url=https://www.jichiro.gr.jp/wp-content/themes/jichiro/pdf/jichiro_english.pdf , webs ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
All Japan Garrison Forces Labour Union
The All Japan Garrison Forces Labour Union (GFLU; ja, 全駐留軍労働組合, Zenchuro) is a trade union representing civilian workers for the United States Armed Forces in Okinawa. The union was founded on 1 September 1946, and in 1950 it was a founding affiliate of the General Council of Trade Unions of Japan. By 1958, it had 81,753 members. It undertook industrial action for pensions in 1954, a fairer wage system in 1963, against redundancies in 1964, and for higher pensions in 1968. With declining employment in the area, by 1970 the union had only 25,320 members. From the late 1980s, the union was affiliated to the Japanese Trade Union Confederation The , commonly known as , is the largest national trade union center in Japan, with over six million members as of 2011.Rengo websitRengo brochure 2010-2011 Retrieved on July 6, 2012 It was founded in 1989 as a result of the merger of the Japan ..., and by 1996 its membership had fallen to 14,314. In 2001, it joined the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
All Japan Harbour Workers' Union
The All Japan Dockworkers' Union (JDU; ja, 全日本港湾労働組合, Zenkowan) is a trade union representing port workers in Japan. The union was established in 1946, and was affiliated with Sanbetsu. However, in 1950 it switched to the new General Council of Trade Unions of Japan (Sohyo). Its membership reached 28,214 by 1970, then fell to 22,124 in 1985. In 1989, Sohyo merged with the Japanese Trade Union Confederation The , commonly known as , is the largest national trade union center in Japan, with over six million members as of 2011.Rengo websitRengo brochure 2010-2011 Retrieved on July 6, 2012 It was founded in 1989 as a result of the merger of the Japan ..., but Zenkowan instead opted to become independent. References External links *{{official website, https://www.zenkowan.org/ Port workers' trade unions Trade unions established in 1946 Trade unions in Japan ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
