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Sénat Conservateur
The (, "Conservative Senate") was an advisory body established in France during the French Consulate, Consulate following the French Revolution. It was established in 1799 under the Constitution of the Year VIII following the Napoleon Bonaparte-led Coup of 18 Brumaire. It lasted until 1814 when Napoleon Bonaparte Treaty of Fontainebleau (1814), was overthrown and the Bourbon monarchy was Bourbon Restoration in France, restored. The was a key element in Napoleon's regime. With the Tribunat and the Corps législatif, the formed one of the three Legislature, legislative assemblies of the consulate. The constitutions of Constitution of the Year X, Year X (1802) and Constitution of the Year XII, Year XII (18 May 1804; instituting the First French Empire under Napoleon) reinforced the importance of the . History Conserving the constitution Set up under the direct influence of the regime's new master, First Consul Napoleon Bonaparte, the Constitution of 22 frimaire year VIII ( ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Senate (France)
The Senate (, ) is the upper house of the French Parliament, with the lower house being the National Assembly (France), National Assembly, the two houses constituting the legislature of France. It is made up of 348 senators (''sénateurs'' and ''sénatrices'') elected by part of the country's Territorial collectivity, local councillors in indirect elections. Senators have six-year terms, with half of the seats up for election every three years. They represent France's Departments of France, departments (328), Overseas France, overseas collectivities (8) and List of senators of French citizens living abroad, citizens abroad (12). Senators' French Senate elections, mode of election varies upon their constituency's population size: in the less populated constituencies (one or two seats), they are elected individually, whereas in more populated ones (three seats or more), they are elected on lists. It is common for senators to hold dual mandates, such as in a Regional council (Fran ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
First French Empire
The First French Empire or French Empire (; ), also known as Napoleonic France, was the empire ruled by Napoleon Bonaparte, who established French hegemony over much of continental Europe at the beginning of the 19th century. It lasted from 18 May 1804 to 6 April 1814 and again briefly from 20 March 1815 to 7 July 1815, when Napoleon was exiled to Saint Helena. Although France had already established a French colonial empire, colonial empire overseas since the early 17th century, the French state had remained a France in the early modern period, kingdom under the Bourbons and a French First Republic, republic after the French Revolution. Historians refer to Napoleon's regime as the ''First Empire'' to distinguish it from the restorationist ''Second French Empire, Second Empire'' (1852–1870) ruled by his nephew Napoleon III. On 18 May 1804 (28 Floréal year XII on the French Republican calendar), Napoleon was granted the title Emperor of the French (, ) by the French and w ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Joseph Louis Lagrange
Joseph-Louis Lagrange (born Giuseppe Luigi LagrangiaJoseph-Louis Lagrange, comte de l’Empire ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' or Giuseppe Ludovico De la Grange Tournier; 25 January 1736 – 10 April 1813), also reported as Giuseppe Luigi Lagrange or Lagrangia, was an Italian and naturalized French , physicist and astronomer. He made significa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gaspard Monge
Gaspard Monge, Comte de Péluse (; 9 May 1746 – 28 July 1818) was a French mathematician, commonly presented as the inventor of descriptive geometry, (the mathematical basis of) technical drawing, and the father of differential geometry. During the French Revolution he served as the Minister of the Marine, and was involved in the reform of the French educational system, helping to found the École Polytechnique. Early life Monge was born at Beaune, Côte-d'Or, the son of a merchant. He was educated at the college of the Oratorians at Beaune. In 1762 he went to the Collège de la Trinité at Lyon, where, one year after he had begun studying, he was made a teacher of physics at the age of seventeen. After finishing his education in 1764 he returned to Beaune, where he made a large-scale plan of the town, inventing the methods of observation and constructing the necessary instruments; the plan was presented to the town, and is still preserved in their library. An officer ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jean Denis, Comte Lanjuinais
200px Jean Denis, comte Lanjuinais (12 March 175313 January 1827), was a French politician, lawyer, jurist, journalist, and historian. Biography Early career Born in Rennes (Ille-et-Vilaine), Lanjuinais, after a brilliant college career, which made him doctor of laws and a qualified barrister at nineteen, was appointed counsel to the Breton Estates and, in 1775, professor of ecclesiastical law in Rennes. At this period he wrote two important works which, owing to the distracted state of public affairs, remained unpublished, ''Institutiones juris ecciesiastici'' and ''Praelectiones juris ecclesiastici''. He had begun his career at the bar by pleading against the ''droit du colombier'' (feudal monopoly on dovecotes), and when he was sent by his fellow-citizens to the Estates-General of 1789 he demanded the abolition of nobility and the substitution of the Royal title ''king of the French and the Navarrese'' for ''king of France and Navarre'', and helped to establish the ''C ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dominique Joseph Garat
Dominique Joseph Garat (8 September 17499 December 1833) was a French Basque writer, lawyer, journalist, philosopher and politician. Biography Garat was born at Bayonne, in the French Basque Country. After a good education under the direction of a relation who was a ''curé'', and a period as an advocate at Bordeaux, he came to Paris, where he obtained introductions to the most distinguished writers of the time, and became a contributor to the ''Encyclopedie méthodique'' and the ''Mercure de France''. He gained a reputation by an ''éloge'' on Michel de l'Hôpital in 1778, and was afterwards crowned three times by the Académie française for ''éloges'' on Suger, Montausier and Fontenelle. In 1785 he was named professor of history at the Lycée, where his lectures were as popular as those of Jean-François de La Harpe on literature. Elected as a deputy to the Estates-General in 1789, Garat rendered important service to the popular cause by his narrative of the proceedi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
François De Neufchâteau
François () is a French masculine given name and surname, equivalent to the English name Francis. People with the given name * François Amoudruz (1926–2020), French resistance fighter * François-Marie Arouet (better known as Voltaire; 1694–1778), French Enlightenment writer, historian, and philosopher * François Beauchemin (born 1980), Canadian ice hockey player for the Anaheim Ducks * François Blanc (1806–1877), French entrepreneur and operator of casinos * François Bonlieu (1937–1973), French alpine skier * François Cevert (1944–1973), French racing driver * François Chau (born 1959), Cambodian American actor * François Clemmons (born 1945), American singer and actor * François Corbier (1944–2018), French television presenter and songwriter * François Coty (1874–1934), French perfumer * François Coulomb the Elder (1654–1717), French naval architect * François Coulomb the Younger (1691–1751), French naval architect * François Couperin (1668� ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jean Chalgrin
Jean-François-Thérèse Chalgrin (; 1739 – 21 January 1811) was a French architect, best known for his design for the Arc de Triomphe, Paris. Biography His neoclassic orientation was established from his early studies with the prophet of neoclassicism Giovanni Niccolò Servandoni and with the radical classicist Étienne-Louis Boullée in Paris and through his Prix de Rome sojourn (November 1759 – May 1763) as a pensionnaire of the French Academy in Rome. His time in Rome coincided with a fervent new interest in Classicism among the young French ''pensionnaires'', under the influences of Piranesi and the publications of Winckelmann. Returning to Paris, he was quickly given an appointment as an inspector of public works for the city of Paris, under the architect Pierre-Louis Moreau-Desproux, whose own time at the French Academy in Rome had predisposed him to the new style. In this official capacity he oversaw the construction of Ange-Jacques Gabriel's Hôtel Saint-Flore ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Charles-François Lebrun
Charles-François Lebrun, 1st duc de Plaisance (, 19 March 1739 – 16 June 1824) was a French statesman who served as Third Consul of the French Republic and was later created Arch-Treasurer by Napoleon I. Biography ''Ancien Régime'' Born in Saint-Sauveur-Lendelin (Manche), after studies of philosophy at the ''Collège de Navarre'', he started his career during the ''Ancien Régime'', making his first appearance as a lawyer in Paris in 1762. He filled the posts of '' censeur du Roi'' (1766) and then Inspector General of the Domains of the Crown (1768). During the early 1760s, Lebrun became a disciple of Montesquieu and an admirer of the British Constitution, travelling through Southern Netherlands, the Dutch Republic, and finally to the Kingdom of Great Britain (where he witnessed the debates in the London Parliament). He became one of Chancellor René Nicolas de Maupéou's chief advisers, taking part in his struggle against the ''parlements'' and sharing his dow ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Roger Ducos
Pierre Roger Ducos (25 July 174716 March 1816), better known as Roger Ducos, was a French political figure during the French Revolution, Revolution and First French Empire, First Empire, a member of the National Convention, and of the French Directory, Directory. In the Revolution Born in Montfort-en-Chalosse, Aquitaine (now in Landes (department), Landes department), he was elected deputy to the Convention by the ''Département in France, département'' of the Landes. He sat in ''The Plain'' (the party which had no clear attitude, and served to sway the vote). He voted for the death of King of France, King Louis XVI of France, Louis XVI, without appeal or delay, but was not prominent in the Convention afterwards. Ducos was a member of the Council of Five Hundred, over which he presided on the French Directory#Rise of the royalists and coup d'état (1797), 18th of Fructidor Coup (1797). At the end of his term, he became a justice of the peace, but after Barthélemy Catherine Jou ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
