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Sächsisches Oberbergamt
The Saxon Mining Office (german: Sächsisches Oberbergamt) is the executive authority for mining rights in the German state of Saxony. It is also responsible for all non-metallic mineral resources on the terrain of the former East Germany. History Based on discoveries of silver in 1168, Freiberg developed into the centre of Ore Mountains and Saxon ore mining. A mining office (''Bergamt'') and master miner (''Bergmeister'') were mentioned here in 1241. Freiberg mining law ('' Bergrecht''), first laid down in writing in 1307, was subsequently adopted in many other European mining regions. In 1470 rich silver finds in the Ore Mountains (at Schneeberg Annaberg-Buchholz and Marienberg) resulted in a new (the second) ''Berggeschrey''(silver rush). The mining industry expanded rapidly, and in the wake of this growth a single mining administration was gradually set up in Albertine Saxony during the early 16th century. The Annaberg mining regulations (''Bergordnung'') enacted in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
George The Bearded
George the Bearded (Meissen, 27 August 1471 – Dresden, 17 April 1539) was Duke of Saxony from 1500 to 1539 known for his opposition to the Reformation. While the Ernestine line embraced Lutheranism, the Albertines (headed by George) were reluctant to do so. Despite George's efforts to avoid a succession by a Lutheran upon his death in 1539, he could not prevent it from happening. Under the Act of Settlement of 1499, Lutheran Henry IV became the new duke. Upon his accession, Henry introduced Lutheranism as a state religion in the Albertine lands of Saxony. Duke George was a member of the Order of the Golden Fleece. Life His father was Albert the Brave of Saxony, founder of the Albertine line of the Wettin family, his mother was Sidonie, daughter of George Podiebrad, King of Bohemia. Elector Frederick the Wise, a member of the Ernestine branch of the same family, known for his protection of Luther, was a cousin of Duke George. George, as the eldest son, received an exce ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Berggesetz
The main purpose of mining acts (german: Berggesetze) in law is to govern the structure of mining authorities and their responsibilities, the entitlement to mining and the oversight of safety in and around the mines. With the introduction of parliamentary legislative powers, they replaced the earlier mining regulations issued by royalty or nobility to their states and territories. See also *''Bergamt'' - German mining office *'' Bergrecht'' - mining law *''Bergregal'' - mining rights *''Bergordnung'' - mining regulations *Mining law Mining law is the branch of law relating to the legal requirements affecting minerals and mining. Mining law covers several basic topics, including the ownership of the mineral resource and who can work them. Mining is also affected by various r ... External links Legal text of the German Federal Mining ActGeneral Mining Act for the Prussian States (''Allgemeines Berggesetz für die Preussischen Staaten. of 24 June 1865'' in the: ''Zeitschrift fà ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Liberalization
Liberalization or liberalisation (British English) is a broad term that refers to the practice of making laws, systems, or opinions less severe, usually in the sense of eliminating certain government regulations or restrictions. The term is used most often in relation to economics, where it refers to economic liberalization, the removal or reduction of restrictions placed upon (a particular sphere of) economic activity. However, liberalization can also be used as a synonym for decriminalization or legalization (the act of making something legal after it used to be illegal), for example when describing drug liberalization. In economy and trade The Great Depression of 1929 made nations throughout the world realize that the wide gap between the economic theory and practice in determination of internal trade policy was the major cause of worldwide economic disaster. Therefore, a need for reviving the classical theory of trade by adhering to free trade policy was felt. The Bretton W ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Industrial Revolution
The Industrial Revolution was the transition to new manufacturing processes in Great Britain, continental Europe, and the United States, that occurred during the period from around 1760 to about 1820–1840. This transition included going from hand production methods to machines, new chemical manufacturing and iron production processes, the increasing use of steam power and water power, the development of machine tools and the rise of the mechanized factory system. Output greatly increased, and a result was an unprecedented rise in population and in the rate of population growth. Textiles were the dominant industry of the Industrial Revolution in terms of employment, value of output and capital invested. The textile industry was also the first to use modern production methods. The Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain, and many of the technological and architectural innovations were of British origin. By the mid-18th century, Britain was the world's leadi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Freiberg University Of Technology
The Technische Universität Bergakademie Freiberg (abbreviation: TU Bergakademie Freiberg, TUBAF) is a public university of technology with currently 3655 students in the city of Freiberg, Saxony, Germany. Its focus is on exploration, mining & extraction, processing, and recycling of natural resources & scrap, as well as developing new materials. Today, it's the oldest university of mining and metallurgy in the world. History Before 1945 The institution was established in 1765, during the Age of Enlightenment, by Prince Francis Xavier of Saxony based on plans by Friedrich Wilhelm von Oppel and Friedrich Anton von Heynitz, then called ''Kurfürstlich-Sächsische Bergakademie zu Freiberg'' (by 1806: ''Königlich-Sächsische Bergakademie zu Freiberg''). Its main purpose was the education of highly skilled miners and scientists in fields connected to mining and metallurgy. There had developed a need for mining as an industry to regenerate Saxony's economy, since Saxony had been ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Friedrich Anton Von Heynitz
Friedrich Anton von Heynitz (14 May 1725 – 15 May 1802) was an aristocrat and cameralist in Saxony who founded the oldest mining school in the world, the Bergakademie Freiberg. He studied mining and was involved in reforming the mining and metallurgy industry in Prussia. His economic principles were of a moderate mercantilism, anti-monopolistic, and supported an enlightened absolutism. Heynitz was born in Dröschkau, near Torgau, where his father Georg Ernst (1692–1751) was a privy councillor and a member of the royal counsel. His mother Sophie Dorothea came from the influential von Hardenberg family. He was educated at the royal school in Pforta after which he studied natural sciences at Dresden followed by studies in mining and metallurgy at Kösen (1742) and Freiberg (1744-45). In 1746 he was appointed inspector in the mining council at Blankenburg and he travelled through Sweden, Hungary and Styria to study mining there. In 1762 he became a chief inspector of the mines (Vi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sustainability
Specific definitions of sustainability are difficult to agree on and have varied in the literature and over time. The concept of sustainability can be used to guide decisions at the global, national, and individual levels (e.g. sustainable living). Sustainability is commonly described as having three dimensions (also called pillars): environmental, economic, and social. Many publications state that the environmental dimension (also called "planetary integrity" or "ecological integrity") is the most important, and, in everyday usage, "sustainability" is often focused on countering major environmental problems, such as climate change, loss of biodiversity, loss of ecosystem services, land degradation, and air and water pollution. Humanity is now exceeding several "planetary boundaries". A closely related concept is that of sustainable development, and the terms are often used synonymously. However, UNESCO distinguishes the two thus: "''Sustainability'' is often thought of as a lon ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hans Carl Von Carlowitz
Hans Carl von Carlowitz, originally ''Hannß Carl von Carlowitz'' (24 December 1645 - 3 March 1714), was a Saxon tax accountant and mining administrator. His book ''Sylvicultura oeconomica, oder haußwirthliche Nachricht und Naturmäßige Anweisung zur wilden Baum-Zucht'' (1713) was the first comprehensive treatise about forestry. He is considered to be the father of sustainable yield forestry. Life Hans Carl von Carlowitz was born in Oberrabenstein close to Chemnitz, nowadays a suburb of Chemnitz. He was the son of forest master Georg Carl von Carlowitz. He studied law and public administration in Jena, learned foreign languages, travelled to France, Russia and Italy in his youth and was engaged in the natural and mining sciences. 1677 he became a mining administrator and in 1711 he became in charge of mining at the court of Kursachsen in Freiberg (Sachsen). Freiberg, which is located in the foothills of the Erzgebirge, was known for its silver mines. In this post, he wa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Divisional Concept
A divisional patent application, also called divisional application or simply divisional, is a type of patent application that contains subject-matter from a previously filed application, the previously filed application being its parent application. While a divisional application is filed later than the parent application, it retains its parent's filing date, and will generally claim the same priority. Divisional applications are generally used in cases where the parent application may lack unity of invention; that is, the parent application describes more than one invention and the applicant is required to split the parent into one or more divisional applications each claiming only a single invention. The ability to file divisional applications in cases of lack of unity of invention is required by Article 4G of the Paris Convention. Practice by jurisdiction The practice and procedure of filing a divisional patent application vary from jurisdiction to jurisdiction. In most countr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
