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Sybiracy
A sybirak (, plural: ''sybiracy'') is a person Katorga, resettled to Siberia. Like its Russian language, Russian counterpart ''wikt:сибиряк#Russian, sibiryák'' the word can refer to any dweller of Siberia, but it more specifically refers to Polish people, Poles imprisoned or exiled to Siberia or even to those sent to the Far North (Russia), Russian Arctic or to Kazakhstan in the 1940s. History Russian and Soviet authorities exiled many Polish people, Poles to Siberia, starting with the 18th-century opponents of the Russian Empire's increasing influence in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (most notably the members of the Bar Confederation of 1768-1772).Norman Davies, ''Europe: A History'', Oxford University Press, 1996, Google Print, p.664/ref> Maurice Benyovszky, Maurice, Count de Benyovszky was deported and emigrated to Madagascar. After Russian Criminal law, penal law changed in 1847, exile and penal labor (''katorga'') became common penalties for participants in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bar Confederation
The Bar Confederation ( pl, Konfederacja barska; 1768–1772) was an association of Polish nobles (szlachta) formed at the fortress of Bar in Podolia (now part of Ukraine) in 1768 to defend the internal and external independence of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth against Russian influence and against King Stanislaus II Augustus with Polish reformers, who were attempting to limit the power of the Commonwealth's wealthy magnates. The founders of the Bar Confederation included the magnates Adam Stanisław Krasiński, Bishop of Kamieniec, Karol Stanisław Radziwiłł, Casimir Pulaski, his father and brothers and Michał Krasiński. Its creation led to a civil war and contributed to the First Partition of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. Maurice Benyovszky was the best known European Bar Confederation volunteer, supported by Roman Catholic France and Austria. Some historians consider the Bar Confederation the first Polish uprising. Background Abroad At the end ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Farewell Europe!
Farewell or fare well is a parting phrase. The terms may also refer to: Places * Farewell, Missouri, a community in the United States * Farewell and Chorley, a location in the United Kingdom near Lichfield, site of the former Farewell Priory Films * ''Farewell'' (1930 film) (German: ''Abschied''), a film directed by Robert Siodmak * ''Farewells'' (Polish: ''Pożegnania''), a 1958 film directed by Wojciech Has * ''Farewell'' (1967 film) (''Gobyeol''), a South Korean film starring Shin Young-kyun * ''Farewell'' (1972 film) (''Jagbyeol''), a South Korean film starring Namkoong Won * ''Farewell'' (1983 film) (''Proshchanie''), a film directed by Elem Klimov * ''The Farewell'' (2000 film), a 2000 German film * ''Farewell'' (2009 film) (''L'affaire Farewell''), a 2009 French film * ''The Farewell'' (2019 film), a 2019 American film Music Groups and labels * Farewell (band), an American pop-punk band Classical * ''Farewell Symphony'', Symphony No. 45 by Haydn * Piano Sona ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Madagascar
Madagascar (; mg, Madagasikara, ), officially the Republic of Madagascar ( mg, Repoblikan'i Madagasikara, links=no, ; french: République de Madagascar), is an island country in the Indian Ocean, approximately off the coast of East Africa across the Mozambique Channel. At Madagascar is the world's List of island countries, second-largest island country, after Indonesia. The nation is home to around 30 million inhabitants and consists of the island of Geography of Madagascar, Madagascar (the List of islands by area, fourth-largest island in the world), along with numerous smaller peripheral islands. Following the prehistoric breakup of the supercontinent Gondwana, Madagascar split from the Indian subcontinent around 90 million years ago, allowing native plants and animals to evolve in relative isolation. Consequently, Madagascar is a biodiversity hotspot; over 90% of wildlife of Madagascar, its wildlife is endemic. Human settlement of Madagascar occurred during or befo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Wiktor Godlewski
Wictor Godlewski (30 December 1831 – 17 November 1900) was a Polish nobleman, explorer, and naturalist. After spending time in Siberian labour camps following his participation in the January Uprising, he began to study the natural history of the Siberian region. Many species of birds and other animals are named after him including Godlewski's bunting. Life and work Godlewski was born to Aleksander and Anna Karolina daughter of Józef Ciołkowski in in the Polish noble clan Gozdawa. After the death of his father in 1848 he moved to work in the Brulino-Koski estate of his cousin Józef Wincenty. He took an interest in hunting and collecting bird specimens and collaborated with Władysław Taczanowski. In 1863, he was punished for taking part in the January Uprising and sent to labour in Siberian mines for 12 years. From 1864, he worked for a while in Pietrowska Mine in Irkutsk. Along with another inmate Alfons Parvex, he studied the Daurian fauna. His sentence ended in 1877 an ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Benedykt Dybowski
Benedykt Tadeusz Dybowski (12 May 183331 January 1930) was a Polish naturalist and physician. Life Benedykt Dybowski was born in Adamaryni, within the Minsk Governorate of the Russian Empire to Polish nobility. He was the brother of naturalist Władysław Dybowski and the cousin of the French explorer Jean Dybowski. He studied at Minsk High School, and later medicine at Tartu (earlier Dorpat) University in present-day Estonia. He later studied at Wroclaw University and went on expeditions to seek and study oceanic fishes and crustaceans. He became a professor of zoology at the Warsaw main school. In 1864 he was arrested and condemned to death for taking part in the Polish January Uprising. His sentence was later reduced to 12 years in Siberia. He started studying the natural history of Siberia and in 1866 a governor Muraviov dismissed Dybowski from hard labour (''katorga''), renewed his civil rights and proposed him to work as a doctor in hospital. He later settled in the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jan Czerski
Jan Stanisław Franciszek Czerski (russian: Иван Дементьевич Черский; 3 May 1845, in Swolna – 25 June 1892, nr. Kolyma) was a Polish paleontologist, osteologist, geologist, geographer and explorer of Siberia. He was exiled to Transbaikalia for participating in the January Uprising of 1863. A self-taught scientist, he eventually received three gold medals from the Russian Geographical Society, and his name was given to a settlement, two mountain ranges, several peaks and other sites. He authored the first map of Lake Baikal. Biography Son of Xenia and Dominik Czerski, members of the Lithuanian-Polish nobility, he was born in the then Vitebsk Governorate of the Russian Empire (now in Vitebsk Region, Belarus). At the age of 18, as a high-school student of the Institute for Nobles in Vilnius, he took part in the January Uprising (1863–1864). He was captured and taken prisoner on 28 April 1863, and then stripped of his noble status, his lands confiscated a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Aleksander Czekanowski
Aleksander Piotr Czekanowski, or Aleksandr Lavrentyevich Chekanovsky (russian: Александр Лаврентьевич Чекановский, 24 February 1833 – 30 October 1876) was a Polish geologist and explorer of Siberia during his exile after participating in the January Uprising. He took part in and later led several expeditions, surveying and mapping the geology of Eastern Siberia. He was released from exile in 1875, and in 1876 took up the post of custodian in the Mineralogical Museum of the Academy of Sciences. Biography Aleksander Czekanowski was born on 12 February 1833 in Krzemieniec, Volhynia. His father Wawrzyniec ran a boarding house and was an honorary assistant in a zoological office at a high school. Shortly after the birth of Alexander, his family moved to Kiev. In 1850 Alexander began studying medicine at the Faculty of Medicine in Kiev. While there he also attended lectures on natural science and participated in local field trips during which he develop ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Trans-Siberian Railway
The Trans-Siberian Railway (TSR; , , ) connects European Russia to the Russian Far East. Spanning a length of over , it is the longest railway line in the world. It runs from the city of Moscow in the west to the city of Vladivostok in the east. During the period of the Russian Empire, government ministers—personally appointed by Alexander III and his son Nicholas II—supervised the building of the railway network between 1891 and 1916. Even before its completion, the line attracted travelers who documented their experiences. Since 1916, the Trans-Siberian Railway has directly connected Moscow with Vladivostok. , expansion projects remain underway, with connections being built to Russia's neighbors (namely Mongolia, China, and North Korea). Additionally, there have been proposals and talks to expand the network to Tokyo, Japan, with new bridges that would connect the mainland railway through the Russian island of Sakhalin and the Japanese island of Hokkaido. Route descrip ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Polish Minority In Russia
There are currently more than 47,000 ethnic Poles living in the Russian Federation. This includes autochthonous Poles as well as those forcibly deported during and after World War II; the total number of Poles in what was the former Soviet Union is estimated at up to 3 million. History 1652, Smolensk Boyars from Polish-Lithuanian Commonweath Zainsk, Kazan governate, was originally a fort occupied by Chelny strelsty, archers and servicemen, and 81 Polish Cossask prisoners from Smolensk area after the Polish Lithuanian Commonwealth. 1654, Polotsk Gentry from Polish-Lithuanian Commonweath In 1654 the Poles were taken from Polotsk, 141 people from the Polish small gentry were evacuated to Tiinsk together with the Cossacks, who, before that, "universal servants of Polish kings carried serfdom". Another party of the Polish gentry was settled in the settlement of Old Kuvak тарой Кувакеand Old Pismyanka тарой Письмянкеof the future Bugulma district у ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Soviet Invasion Of Poland
The Soviet invasion of Poland was a military operation by the Soviet Union without a formal declaration of war. On 17 September 1939, the Soviet Union invaded Poland from the east, 16 days after Nazi Germany invaded Poland from the west. Subsequent military operations lasted for the following 20 days and ended on 6 October 1939 with the two-way division and annexation of the entire territory of the Second Polish Republic by Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union. This division is sometimes called the Fourth Partition of Poland. The Soviet (as well as German) invasion of Poland was indirectly indicated in the "secret protocol" of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact signed on 23 August 1939, which divided Poland into "spheres of influence" of the two powers. German and Soviet cooperation in the invasion of Poland has been described as co-belligerence. The Red Army, which vastly outnumbered the Polish defenders, achieved its targets, encountering only limited resistance. Some 320,000 Poles ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Revolution In The Kingdom Of Poland (1905–07)
In political science, a revolution (Latin: ''revolutio'', "a turn around") is a fundamental and relatively sudden change in political power and political organization which occurs when the population revolts against the government, typically due to perceived oppression (political, social, economic) or political incompetence. Revolutions have occurred throughout human history and vary widely in terms of methods, duration, and motivating ideology. Their results include major changes in culture, economy, and socio-political institutions, usually in response to perceived overwhelming autocracy or plutocracy. Scholarly debates about what does and does not constitute a revolution center on several issues. Early studies of revolutions primarily analyzed events in European history from a psychological perspective, but more modern examinations include global events and incorporate perspectives from several social sciences, including sociology and political science. Several generations ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
