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Swiss Criminal Code
The Swiss Criminal Code (SR/RS 311, , , , ) is a portion of the third part (SR/RS 3) of the Swiss law, internal Swiss law ("Private law - Administration of civil justice - Enforcement") that regulates the criminal code in Switzerland. The original version was created on 21 December 1937. It entered into force on 1 January 1942. Previously, criminal law had been a Cantons of Switzerland, cantonal competency. History The Swiss Criminal Code was based on an initial draft by Carl Stooss in 1893. He proposed one of the first criminal codes that included both punishment and preemptive safeguard measures. The original code was approved by the people on 3 July 1938 in a referendum, with 358,438 voting in favor to 312,030 voting against. With its entry into force on 1 January 1942, all cantonal legislation that contradicted the new Criminal Code was abolished. This especially included the civilian death penalty, which was still in force in some cantons, as well as the criminalization of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Federal Assembly Of Switzerland
Federal or foederal (archaic) may refer to: Politics General *Federal monarchy, a federation of monarchies *Federation, or ''Federal state'' (federal system), a type of government characterized by both a central (federal) government and states or regional governments that are partially self-governing; a union of states * Federal republic, a federation which is a republic *Federalism, a political philosophy * Federalist, a political belief or member of a political grouping * Federalization, implementation of federalism Particular governments *Government of Argentina * Government of Australia * Federal government of Brazil *Government of Canada * Cabinet of Germany * Federal government of Iraq *Government of India * Federal government of Mexico * Federal government of Nigeria *Government of Pakistan * Government of the Philippines *Government of Russia * Government of South Africa *Federal government of the United States **United States federal law **United States federal courts *Fe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Federal Council (Switzerland)
The Federal Council is the federal Cabinet (government), cabinet of the Switzerland, Swiss Confederation. Its seven members also serve as the collective head of state and Head of government, government of Switzerland. Since World War II, the Federal Council is by convention a permanent grand coalition government composed of representatives of the List of political parties in Switzerland, country's major parties and Languages of Switzerland, language regions. While the entire Federal Council is responsible for leading the federal administration of Switzerland, each Councillor heads one of the seven federal executive departments. The president of the Swiss Confederation chairs the council, but exercises no particular authority; rather, the position is one of a Primus inter pares, first among equals and rotates among the seven Councillors annually. The Swiss Federal Council election, Federal Council is elected as a body by the 246 members of the Federal Assembly (Switzerland), Fe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Inheritance Law In Switzerland
In Swiss law, inheritance law is that part of private law under which the rights and obligations of a deceased person pass to one or more natural or juridical persons. As most of these rights and obligations are pecuniary in nature, the main purpose of inheritance law is to regulate the fate of a person's assets on death. Inheritance law in Switzerland is governed by the Swiss Civil Code (articles 457 to 640). The deceased is called de ''cujus'' (from the Latin Latin ( or ) is a classical language belonging to the Italic languages, Italic branch of the Indo-European languages. Latin was originally spoken by the Latins (Italic tribe), Latins in Latium (now known as Lazio), the lower Tiber area aroun ... adage is de ''cujus successione agitur''): the person whose estate is being dealt with (in German ''Erblasser''). Those who receive the property are called successors, heirs or legatees, depending on their position in the de ''cujus'' succession. History The first traces ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Federal Act (Switzerland)
In Switzerland, a federal act; ; is a legislative law adopted at the level of the Confederation. By default, its duration of application is unlimited. It takes precedence over cantonal and communal law (derogatory force). Definition The Federal Constitution defines a federal law as follows: The ParlA uses this definition in the same terms."The Federal Assembly shall enact in the form of a federal law all important provisions that lay down rules of law", Art. 22, para. 1, ParlA. Rule of law A "rule of law" exists when an adopted provision (cumulatively): * is of a general nature, i.e. the provision is addressed to an indeterminate number of persons or target subjects; * is abstract in nature, i.e. the provision can be interpreted for any number of situations; * has direct application; * creates an obligation, confers a right or assigns powers. Important provisions Determining the importance of the provision is the product of a political assessment. However, the Federal C ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Crime In Switzerland
Crime in Switzerland is combated mainly by cantonal police. The Federal Office of Police investigates organised crime, money laundering and terrorism. Crime statistics In Switzerland, police registered a total of 432,000 offenses under the Criminal Code in 2019 (−0.2% compared with previous year), of which 110,140 or 25.5 percent were cases of thefts (excluding vehicles, −2.0%), and 41,944 or 9.7 percent were thefts of vehicles (including bicycles, −10.1%), 46 were killings and 161 were attempted murders. The number of cases of rape reported increased by 53 incidents or 8.5 percent over the previous year. The number of criminal pornography offenses increased by 56.1 percent to 2,837. Offenses against the Narcotics Act decreased by 0.7 percent to 75,757. In 2014, 110,124 adults were convicted, of which 55,240 (50%) were convicted according to traffic regulation offences, 6,540 (+1.6%) for trafficking in narcotic substances, and 17,882 (−7.2%) for offenses against the F ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Swiss Code Of Obligations
The Swiss Code of Obligations (SR/RS 22, ; ; ; ), the 5th part of the Swiss Civil Code, Swiss civil code, is a Federal act (Switzerland), federal law that regulates contract law and joint-stock company, joint-stock companies ( or S.A. (corporation), SA). It was first adopted in 1911 (effective since 1 January 1912). The code of obligations is a portion of the private law (Official Compilation of Federal Legislation, SR/RS 2) of the Swiss law, internal Swiss law. It is also known by its full name as Federal Act on the Amendment of the Swiss Civil Code (Part Five: The Code of Obligations). Swiss law is often used to regulate international contracts, as it is deemed neutral with respect to the parties. History In Switzerland, private law was originally left to the individual Swiss cantons, which enacted codifications such as the Zurich Law of Obligations of 1855. In 1864, the Bernese jurist Walther Munzinger was assigned a task to draft a unified code of obligations. This early ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Swiss Civil Code
The Swiss Civil Code (SR/RS 210, ; ; ; ) is a portion of the second part (SR/RS 2) of the internal Swiss law ("Private law - Administration of civil justice - Enforcement") that regulates the codified law ruling in Switzerland and relationship between individuals. It was first adopted in 1907 (effective since 1 January 1912). It was largely influenced by the German civil code, and partly influenced by the French civil code, but the majority of comparative law scholars (such as K. Zweigert and Rodolfo Sacco) argue that the Swiss code derives from a distinct paradigm of civil law. History and influences Adopted on 10 December 1907 (and is thus formally known as the ''Swiss Civil Code of 10 December 1907''), and in force since 1912. It was created by Eugen Huber, it was subsequently translated in the two other national languages (at the time Romansh was not official) by Virgile Rossel and Brenno Bertoni for French and Italian, respectively. The Civil code of the Republ ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
20 Minuten
''20 Minuten'' (; "20 Minutes") is a free daily newspaper in Switzerland. History and profile Cofounded by Sacha Wigdorovits, who also became a significant shareholder, ''20 Minuten'' was first published in 1999 by 20 Minuten Schweiz AG. The direct competitor '' metropol'' was available in Switzerland between 2000 and 2002. ''20 Minuten'' is published in tabloid format. Since 2005 the newspaper has been owned by Express-Zeitung AG, which is jointly owned by Tamedia (majority holding) and '' Berner Zeitung'' (17.5%). In the German-speaking parts of Switzerland, specific editions are made for the regions of Basel, Bern, Lucerne, St. Gallen and Zürich. Circulation ''20 Minuten'' is distributed to commuters at over 150 train stations across the country. Since September 2004 the German-language edition has been the most widely read daily newspaper in Switzerland, surpassing '' Blick''. The audited distribution in 2004 was 329,242 ( WEMF AG) and it had a readership of an est ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Parole
Parole, also known as provisional release, supervised release, or being on paper, is a form of early release of a prisoner, prison inmate where the prisoner agrees to abide by behavioral conditions, including checking-in with their designated parole officers, or else they may be rearrested and returned to prison. Originating from the French word ('speech, spoken words' but also 'promise'), the term became associated during the Middle Ages with the release of prisoners who gave their word. This differs greatly from pardon, amnesty or commutation of sentence in that parolees are still considered to be serving their sentences, and may be returned to prison if they violate the conditions of their parole. It is similar to probation, the key difference being that parole takes place after a prison sentence, while probation can be granted in lieu of a prison sentence. Modern development Alexander Maconochie (penal reformer), Alexander Maconochie, a Scottish geographer and captain i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Switzerland
Switzerland, officially the Swiss Confederation, is a landlocked country located in west-central Europe. It is bordered by Italy to the south, France to the west, Germany to the north, and Austria and Liechtenstein to the east. Switzerland is geographically divided among the Swiss Plateau, the Swiss Alps, Alps and the Jura Mountains, Jura; the Alps occupy the greater part of the territory, whereas most of the country's Demographics of Switzerland, 9 million people are concentrated on the plateau, which hosts List of cities in Switzerland, its largest cities and economic centres, including Zurich, Geneva, and Lausanne. Switzerland is a federal republic composed of Cantons of Switzerland, 26 cantons, with federal authorities based in Bern. It has four main linguistic and cultural regions: German, French, Italian and Romansh language, Romansh. Although most Swiss are German-speaking, national identity is fairly cohesive, being rooted in a common historical background, shared ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Substantive Law
Substantive law is the set of laws that governs how members of a society are to behave.Substantive Law vs. Procedural Law: Definitions and Differences, Study.com/ref> It is contrasted with procedural law, which is the set of procedures for making, administering, and enforcing substantive law. Substantive law defines rights and responsibilities in civil law, and crimes and punishments in criminal law, substantive equality or substantive due process. It may be codified in statutes or exist through precedent in common law. Substantive laws, which govern outcomes, are contrasted with procedural laws, which govern procedure. Henry Sumner Maine said of early law, "So great is the ascendency of the Law of Actions in the infancy of Courts of Justice, that substantive law has at first the look of being gradually secreted in the interstices of procedure; and the early lawyer can only see the law through the envelope of its technical forms."Henry Sumner Maine. On Early Law and Custom. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gay Sex
Sexual activities involving men who have sex with men (MSM), regardless of their sexual orientation, can include anal sex, non-penetrative sex, and oral sex. Evidence shows that sex between men is significantly underreported in surveys. Behaviors Various sex positions may be performed during sexual activity between men. Evidence shows that sex between men is significantly underreported in surveys due to social desirability bias. Anal sex Historically, anal sex has been popularly associated with male homosexuality. Many MSM, however, do not engage in anal sex, and may engage in oral sex, frottage or frot, and/or mutual masturbation instead. Among men who have anal sex with other men, the partner who inserts his penis may be referred to as the ''top'', the one being penetrated may be referred to as the '' bottom'', and those who enjoy either role may be referred to as '' versatile''. When MSM engage in anal sex without using a condom, this is referred to as bareback ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
