Surcharge (philately)
A surcharge may refer to: *An extra fee added onto another fee or charge ** Bunker adjustment factor, sea freight charges which represents additions due to oil prices ** Surcharge (payment systems), charged by merchants when receiving payment by cheque, credit, charge or debit card *An overprint that affects the value of a postage stamp *A surcharge (sanction) against a public servant who has abused public funds * Surtax, extra tax levied upon tax * Surcharge (soil load), vertical loads applied to the ground surface on the uphill side of a retaining wall * Surcharge, or hydraulic head Hydraulic head or piezometric head is a specific measurement of liquid pressure above a vertical datum., 410 pages. See pp. 43–44., 650 pages. See p. 22. It is usually measured as a liquid surface elevation, expressed in units of length, ...

Bunker Adjustment Factor
Bunker adjustment factor, bunker surcharge or BAF refers to the floating part of sea freight charges which represents additions due to oil prices The price of oil, or the oil price, generally refers to the spot price of a barrel () of benchmark crude oil—a reference price for buyers and sellers of crude oil such as West Texas Intermediate (WTI), Brent Crude, Dubai Crude, OPEC Refe .... BAF charges used to be determined by Carrier Conferences to be applicable for a certain period on a certain trade route. The European Commission banned Carrier Conferences as of October 17, 2008. The shipping lines now set their own independent BAF rates. They will be closely monitored by the EC to ensure that no collusion is taking place. Fluctuations in oil prices will alter rates depending on any of a wide variation in applications... References International trade {{International-trade-stub ...
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Surcharge (payment Systems)
A surcharge, also known as checkout fee, is an extra fee charged by a merchant when receiving a payment by cheque, credit card, charge card or debit card (but not cash) which at least covers the cost to the merchant of accepting that means of payment, such as the merchant service fee imposed by a credit card company. Retailers generally incur higher costs when consumers choose to pay by credit card due to higher merchant service fees compared to traditional payment methods such as cash. A surcharge may be prohibited by card issuers, such as Visa and MasterCard, but the enforcement of the prohibition is not uniform. Some jurisdictions have laws which require, allow, regulate or prohibit a merchant imposing a surcharge. If no surcharge is permitted, the merchant's costs are borne by the merchant, who may incorporate the burden in its prices. In some jurisdictions, when a customer pays with cash, the merchant may offer a discount. Economics of surcharging Different payment methods s ...
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Overprint
An overprint is an additional layer of text or graphics added to the face of a postage or revenue stamp, postal stationery, banknote or ticket after it has been printed. Post offices most often use overprints for internal administrative purposes such as accounting but they are also employed in public mail. Well-recognized varieties include commemorative overprints which are produced for their public appeal and command significant interest in the field of philately. Surcharges The term "surcharge" in philately describes any type of overprint that alters the price of a stamp.Williams & Williams, p. 258. Surcharges raise or lower the face value of existing stamps when prices have changed too quickly to produce an appropriate new issue, or simply to use up surplus stocks. Any overprint which restates a stamp's face value in a new currency is also described as a surcharge. Some postal systems have resorted to surcharge overprints when converting to a new national monetary syst ...
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Surcharge (sanction)
Prior to 2000 a local government officer or councillor in the United Kingdom, who had unlawfully spent public funds, or caused loss to a local authority through misconduct could be surcharged to recover public money. The surcharge was applied, after referral to a court by the Audit Commission. In the case of an illegal corporate decision by an elected body, all the councillors could be surcharged. Councillors from Lambeth London Borough Council and Liverpool City Council who were involved in the rate-capping rebellion in 1985 were surcharged. Councillors in the 1973 Clay Cross Urban District Council Housing Finance Act dispute were surcharged £685 (this is equivalent to £ today) for refusing to increase housing rent. The Committee on Standards in Public Life recommended repealing surcharge because it was unfair for local government officers and councillors, and "bore no relation to people's ability to pay or their culpability". The Local Government Act 2000 amended the Audit Co ...
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Surtax
A surtax is a tax levied upon another tax, also known as tax surcharge. Canada The provincial portion of the value-added tax on goods and services in two Canadian jurisdictions, Québec and Prince Edward Island, was formerly calculated as a surtax on the sticker price plus the federal Goods and Services Tax. On Prince Edward Island, provincial sales tax was assessed at 10% on top of the federal tax (as of 2013) of 5%, resulting in a total effective rate of 15.5% at the time of its repeal. Taxe de Vente de Québec was 9.5%, also assessed on top of the federal tax of 5%, resulting in a total tax burden of 14.975; it, too, was changed in 2013 so as no longer to be a surtax. United Kingdom In 1929, the supertax (which had been introduced in the Finance Act 1909 at the rate of 6 old pence in the pound (2.5%) on incomes over £5,000 per year) was renamed to surtax. By 1934, the rate was variable from 1 shilling to 7 shillings and sixpence in the pound (5% to 37.5%). It was replace ...
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Surcharge (soil Load)
A surcharge may refer to: *An extra fee added onto another fee or charge ** Bunker adjustment factor, sea freight charges which represents additions due to oil prices ** Surcharge (payment systems), charged by merchants when receiving payment by cheque, credit, charge or debit card *An overprint that affects the value of a postage stamp *A surcharge (sanction) against a public servant who has abused public funds * Surtax, extra tax levied upon tax * Surcharge (soil load), vertical loads applied to the ground surface on the uphill side of a retaining wall * Surcharge, or hydraulic head Hydraulic head or piezometric head is a specific measurement of liquid pressure above a vertical datum., 410 pages. See pp. 43–44., 650 pages. See p. 22. It is usually measured as a liquid surface elevation, expressed in units of length, ...

Retaining Wall
Retaining walls are relatively rigid walls used for supporting soil laterally so that it can be retained at different levels on the two sides. Retaining walls are structures designed to restrain soil to a slope that it would not naturally keep to (typically a steep, near-vertical or vertical slope). They are used to bound soils between two different elevations often in areas of terrain possessing undesirable slopes or in areas where the landscape needs to be shaped severely and engineered for more specific purposes like hillside farming or roadway overpasses. A retaining wall that retains soil on the backside and water on the frontside is called a seawall or a bulkhead. Definition A wall for holding in place a mass of earth or the like, as at the edge of a terrace or excavation. A retaining wall is a structure designed and constructed to resist the lateral pressure of soil, when there is a desired change in ground elevation that exceeds the angle of repose of the soil. A basement ...
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