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Stéphane Courtois
Stéphane Courtois (; born 25 November 1947) is a French historian and university professor, a director of research at the French National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS), professor at the Catholic Institute of Higher Studies (ICES) in La Roche-sur-Yon, and director of a collection specialized in the history of communist movements and Communist state, communist states. ''The Black Book of Communism'', a 1997 book edited by Courtois, has been translated into numerous languages, sold millions of copies, and is considered one of the most influential and controversial books written about the history of communism in the 20th century and state socialist regimes. In the first chapter of the book, Courtois argued that Communism and Nazism are similar totalitarian systems and that Communism was responsible for the murder of around 100 million people in the 20th century. Courtois' attempt to equate the two has been polemically effective, but controversial due to his numbers and his c ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dreux
Dreux () is a Communes of France, commune in the Eure-et-Loir Departments of France, department in northern France. Geography Dreux lies on the small river Blaise (river), Blaise, a tributary of the Eure (river), Eure, about 35 km north of Chartres. Dreux station has rail connections to Argentan, Paris and Granville, Manche, Granville. The Route nationale 12 (Paris–Rennes) passes north of the town. History Dreux was known in ancient times as Durocassium, the capital of the Durocasses Celtic tribe. Despite the legend, its name was not related with Druids. The Romans established here a fortified camp known as Castrum Drocas. In the Middle Ages, Dreux was the centre of the Counts of Dreux, County of Dreux. The first count of Dreux was Robert I of Dreux, Robert, the son of King Louis the Fat. The Battle of Dreux, first large battle of the French Wars of Religion occurred at Dreux, on 19 December 1562, resulting in a hard-fought victory for the Catholic forces of the Anne de Mon ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Historical Revisionism
In historiography, historical revisionism is the reinterpretation of a historical account. It usually involves challenging the orthodox (established, accepted or traditional) scholarly views or narratives regarding a historical event, timespan, or phenomenon by introducing contrary evidence or reinterpreting the motivations and decisions of the people involved. Revision of the historical record can reflect new discoveries of fact, evidence, and interpretation as they come to light. The process of historical revision is a common, necessary, and usually uncontroversial process which develops and refines the historical record to make it more complete and accurate. One form of historical revisionism involves a reversal of older moral judgments. Revision in this fashion is a more controversial topic, and can include denial or distortion of the historical record yielding an illegitimate form of historical revisionism known as ''historical negationism'' (involving, for example, dist ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
French Communist Party
The French Communist Party (, , PCF) is a Communism, communist list of political parties in France, party in France. The PCF is a member of the Party of the European Left, and its Member of the European Parliament, MEPs sit with The Left in the European Parliament – GUE/NGL group. The PCF was founded in 1920 by Marxism–Leninism, Marxist–Leninist members of the French Section of the Workers' International (SFIO) who supported the Bolsheviks in the 1917 Russian Revolution. It became a member of the Communist International, and followed a Marxist-Leninist line under the leadership of Maurice Thorez. In response to the threat of fascism, the PCF joined the socialist Popular Front (France), Popular Front which won the 1936 election, but it did not participate in government. During World War II, it was outlawed by the occupying Germans and became a key element of the French Resistance, Resistance. The PCF participated in the provisional government of the Liberation of France, Li ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Roland Castro
Roland Castro (16 October 1940 – 9 March 2023) was a French architect and political activist. Biography Roland Castro was born in Limoges on 16 October 1940. By the end of 1966 he was a member of the editorial committee of ''Melp!'', the École Normale Supérieure student association's review, along with Jacques Barda, Hubert Tonka, Pierre Granveaud and Antoine Grumbach. ''Melp!'' helped to articulate the dissatisfaction of students in the lead-up to the May 68, protests of 1968. His thinking integrates political ideas with urban architecture. He belonged to the concrete utopia movement, which he described as "an attempt to rebuild and renovate politics around revolutionary values." He is also the father of Elizabeth Castro, alias Zazon, comedian and actress. From 2008 to 2009, Roland Castro was appointed by the President of France, President of the Republic Nicolas Sarkozy to lead a multidisciplinary team on the future of Greater Paris. He argued for the implementation of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Christophe Bourseiller
Christophe Gintzburger (born 27 September 1957), known professionally as Christophe Bourseiller (), is a French actor, writer, freemason and journalist. He began his career as a child actor and made his debut in Yves Robert's 1962 film '' War of the Buttons''. He made several appearances on stage in the late 1970s and early 1980s and again in 2005 and 2006. Biography He was born Christophe Gintzburger. His father, André Gintzburger called Kinsbourg (1923–2013), was a playwright and theater producer. His mother, Chantal Darget (née Marie Chantal Chauvet; 1934–1988), was an actress and the daughter of journalist Claude Darget. His mother subsequently married the director Antoine Bourseiller (of which Christophe adopts the surname as a stage name) and they had a daughter, the rejoneadora Marie Sara. From the age of four, he appears in cinemas in ''War of the Buttons'', the film by Yves Robert. He then played under the direction of Jean-Luc Godard, Claude Lelouch, Jacques D ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rule Of Law
The essence of the rule of law is that all people and institutions within a Body politic, political body are subject to the same laws. This concept is sometimes stated simply as "no one is above the law" or "all are equal before the law". According to ''Encyclopædia Britannica'', it is defined as "the mechanism, process, institution, practice, or norm that supports the equality of all citizens before the law, secures a nonarbitrary form of government, and more generally prevents the arbitrary use of power." Legal scholars have expanded the basic rule of law concept to encompass, first and foremost, a requirement that laws apply equally to everyone. "Formalists" add that the laws must be stable, accessible and clear. More recently, "substantivists" expand the concept to include rights, such as human rights, and compliance with international law. Use of the phrase can be traced to Tudor period, 16th-century Britain. In the following century, Scottish theologian Samuel Rutherfor ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pluralism (political Philosophy)
Pluralism as a political philosophy is the diversity within a political body, which is seen to permit the peaceful coexistence of different interests, convictions, and lifestyles. While not all political pluralists advocate for a pluralist democracy, this is the most common stance, because democracy is often viewed as the most fair and effective way to moderate between discrete values. Political theorist Isaiah Berlin, a strong supporter of pluralism, wrote: "let us have the courage of our admitted ignorance, of our doubts and uncertainties. At least we can try to discover what others ... require, by ... making it possible for ourselves to know men as they truly are, by listening to them carefully and sympathetically, and understanding them and their lives and their needs... ." Pluralism thus tries to encourage members of society to accommodate their differences by avoiding extremism (adhering solely to one value, or at the very least refusing to recognize others as legitimat ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Democracy
Democracy (from , ''dēmos'' 'people' and ''kratos'' 'rule') is a form of government in which political power is vested in the people or the population of a state. Under a minimalist definition of democracy, rulers are elected through competitive Election, elections while more expansive or maximalist definitions link democracy to guarantees of civil liberties and human rights in addition to competitive elections. In a direct democracy, the people have the direct authority to Deliberation, deliberate and decide legislation. In a representative democracy, the people choose governing officials through elections to do so. The definition of "the people" and the ways authority is shared among them or delegated by them have changed over time and at varying rates in different countries. Features of democracy oftentimes include freedom of assembly, freedom of association, association, personal property, freedom of religion and freedom of speech, speech, citizenship, consent of the governe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Maoist
Maoism, officially Mao Zedong Thought, is a variety of Marxism–Leninism that Mao Zedong developed while trying to realize a socialist revolution in the agricultural, pre-industrial society of the Republic of China (1912–1949), Republic of China and later the People's Republic of China. A difference between Maoism and traditional Marxism–Leninism is that a united front of progressive forces in class society would lead the vanguardism, revolutionary vanguard in pre-industrial societies rather than communist revolutionaries alone. This theory, in which revolutionary Praxis (process), praxis is primary and ideological orthodoxy is secondary, represents urban Marxism–Leninism adapted to pre-industrial China. Later theoreticians expanded on the idea that Mao had adapted Marxism–Leninism to Chinese conditions, arguing that he had in fact updated it fundamentally and that Maoism could be applied universally throughout the world. This ideology is often referred to as Marxism� ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cercle De L'Oratoire
The ''Cercle de l'Oratoire'' ( French for "Circle of the Oratory") is a French think tank created a short time after the September 11, 2001 attacks. Since 2006, it edits a journal, ''Le Meilleur des mondes''. The Circle is led by the journalist Michel Taubmann, who is also in charge of the news at Arte-Paris, and his wife Florence, a pastor at the Temple de l'oratoire du Louvre and vice-president of the ''Amitié judéo-chrétienne'' group (Judeo-Christian Friendship). Many of its members ( André Glucksmann, Pascal Bruckner, Romain Goupil, etc.) and the ''Meilleur des mondes'' journal supported the US invasion of Iraq, a minority viewpoint in France. ''Le Meilleur des mondes'' The journal ''Le Meilleur des mondes'' is published by the éditions Denoël and headed by Michel Taubmann. It launched a first petition in favor of the United Nations' intervention in Afghanistan. Two years later, it published another petition in ''Le Figaro'' supporting the US invasion of Iraq. T ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Annie Kriegel
Annie Kriegel ( Annie Becker; 9 September 1926 – 26 August 1995) was a French historian, a leading expert on communist studies and the history of Communism, a cofounder (1982) of the academic journal '' Communisme'' (with Stéphane Courtois), and a columnist for ''Le Figaro''. Career Kriegel joined the French Communist Party (PCF) as a student in 1945 and remained a member until 1957. From October 1951 to December 1953 she was a member of the federal bureau of PCF and from 1952 headed the section of education and ideological combat. She lost her position after siding with Pablo Picasso whose portrait of Joseph Stalin was criticised inside the party. She changed her political views following Nikita Khrushchev's denunciation of Stalinism in ''On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences'' (1956) and became an outspoken anticommunist. From 1954 she pursued research on the Communist movement in France at Sorbonne under the direction of Ernest Labrousse, which resulted in two ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
