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Stonewalling
Stonewalling is a refusal to communicate or cooperate. Such behaviour occurs in situations such as marriage counselling, diplomatic negotiations, politics and legal cases. Body language may indicate and reinforce this by avoiding contact and engagement with the other party. People use deflection in a conversation in order to render a conversation pointless and insignificant. Tactics in stonewalling include giving sparse, vague responses; refusing to answer questions; and responding to questions with additional questions. Stonewalling can be used as a stalling tactic rather than an avoidance tactic. Politics In politics, stonewalling is used to refuse to answer or comment on certain questions about policy and issues, especially when a committee or politician is under investigation. Stonewalling in politics and business can sometimes create a critical advantage. William Safire wrote that ''stonewalling'' was originally used to describe a defensive playstyle in Australian cricke ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cascade Model Of Relational Dissolution
The Cascade Model of Relational Dissolution (also known as Gottman's Four Horsemen) is a relational communications theory that proposes four critically negative behaviors that lead to the breakdown of marital and romantic relationships. The model is the work of psychological researcher John Gottman, a professor at the University of Washington and founder of The Gottman Institute, and his research partner, Robert W. Levenson. This theory focuses on the negative influence of verbal and nonverbal communication habits on marriages and other relationships. Gottman's model uses a metaphor that compares the four negative communication styles that lead to a relationship's breakdown to the biblical Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse, wherein each behavior, or horseman, compounds the problems of the previous one, leading to total breakdown of communication. Background Gottman's and Levenson's research focuses on differentiating failed and successful marriages and notes that nonverbal emoti ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Running Out The Clock
In sports strategy, running out the clock, also known as running down the clock, stonewalling, killing the clock, chewing the clock, stalling, eating clock or time-wasting (or timewasting), is the practice of a winning team allowing the clock to expire through a series of preselected plays, either to preserve a lead or hasten the end of a one-sided contest. Such measures expend time but do not otherwise have a tactical purpose. This is usually done by a team that is winning by a slim margin (or, occasionally, tied) near the end of a game, in order to reduce the time available for the opposing team to score. Generally, it is the opposite strategy of running up the score. The process of running out the clock generally involves low-risk, low-event play, intending to minimize the ability of the other team to interfere or counter. As this produces unexciting sport for spectators, many rulebooks attempt to counteract this; some include a time limit for completing a play, such as a pl ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Four Horsemen Of The Apocalypse In Popular Culture
The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse and the derived term Four Horsemen have appeared many times in popular culture. In real life * The "Four Horsemen" is the professional wrestling faction that competed in the National Wrestling Alliance and World Championship Wrestling in the 1980s and 1990s. The faction's original incarnation consisted of Ric Flair, Arn Anderson, Ole Anderson, Tully Blanchard, and J. J. Dillon, with other members including Lex Luger, Sid Vicious, Sting, Steve McMichael, Dean Malenko, Chris Benoit, Brian Pillman, Curt Hennig, Barry Windham, and Paul Roma. In NXT, Flair's daughter Charlotte, Sasha Banks, Bayley and Becky Lynch were nicknamed as "The Four Horsewomen" due to their matches helping to push the female wrestling roster in the show, even though the four of them were never on the same faction at the same time. * "The Four Horsemen", an informal discussion (on 30 September 2007) between Richard Dawkins, Christopher Hitchens, Sam Harris and Daniel Den ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cold Shoulder
"Cold shoulder" is a phrase used to express dismissal or the act of disregarding someone. Its origin is attributed to Sir Walter Scott in a work published in 1816, which is in fact a mistranslation of an expression from the Vulgate Bible. There is also a commonly repeated incorrect folk etymology. The expression "cold shoulder" has been used in many literary works, and has entered into the vernacular. It has been used as a description of aloofness and disdain, a contemptuous look over one's shoulder,Hodgson, p. 153. and even in the context of a woman attempting to decline the advances of an aggressive man.Palmatier, p. 73. Overall, it remains widely popular as a phrase for describing the act of ignoring someone or something, or giving an unfriendly response.Helterbran, p. 22. Etymology The first recorded use of the expression was in 1816 by Sir Walter Scott in the Scots language, in '' The Antiquary''. This expression is a mistranslation of the Latin phrase ''dederunt umerum re ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Social Psychology
Social psychology is the methodical study of how thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by the actual, imagined, or implied presence of others. Although studying many of the same substantive topics as its counterpart in the field of sociology, psychological social psychology places more emphasis on the individual, rather than society; the influence of social structure and culture on individual outcomes, such as personality, behavior, and one's position in social hierarchies. Social psychologists typically explain human behavior as a result of the relationship between mental states and social situations, studying the social conditions under which thoughts, feelings, and behaviors occur, and how these variables influence social interactions. History 19th century In the 19th century, social psychology began to emerge from the larger field of psychology. At the time, many psychologists were concerned with developing concrete explanations for the different aspe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Human Behavior
Human behavior is the potential and expressed capacity (Energy (psychological), mentally, Physical activity, physically, and Social action, socially) of human individuals or groups to respond to internal and external Stimulation, stimuli throughout their life. Behavior is driven by genetic and environmental factors that affect an individual. Behavior is also driven, in part, by thoughts and feelings, which provide insight into individual Psyche (psychology), psyche, revealing such things as attitude (psychology), attitudes and value (personal and cultural), values. Human behavior is shaped by Trait theory, psychological traits, as personality types vary from person to person, producing different actions and behavior. Social behavior accounts for actions directed at others. It is concerned with the considerable influence of Social relation, social interaction and culture, as well as ethics, interpersonal relationships, politics, and Conflict (process), conflict. Some behaviors a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Spiral Of Silence
The spiral of silence theory is a political science and mass communication theory which states that an individual's perception of the distribution of public opinion influences that individual's willingness to express their own opinions. Also known as the theory of public opinion, the spiral of silence theory claims individuals will be more confident and outward with their opinion when they notice that their personal opinion is shared throughout a group. But if the individual notices that their opinion is unpopular with the group, they will be more inclined to be reserved and remain silent. In other words, from the individual's perspective, "not isolating themself is more important than their own judgement", meaning their perception of how others in the group perceive them is more important to themself than the need for their opinion to be heard. According to Glynn (1995), "the major components of the spiral of silence include (1) an issue of public interest; (2) divisiveness on t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Social Rejection
Social rejection occurs when an individual is deliberately excluded from a social relationship or social interaction. The topic includes ''interpersonal rejection'' (or peer rejection), ''romantic rejection'', and ''familial estrangement''. A person can be rejected or shunned by individuals or an entire group of people. Furthermore, rejection can be either ''active'' by bullying, teasing, or ridiculing, or ''passive'' by ignoring a person, or giving the " silent treatment". The experience of being rejected is subjective for the recipient, and it can be perceived when it is not actually present. The word "ostracism" is also commonly used to denote a process of social exclusion (in Ancient Greece, ''ostracism'' was a form of temporary banishment following a people's vote). Although humans are social beings, some level of rejection is an inevitable part of life. Nevertheless, rejection can become a problem when it is prolonged or consistent, when the relationship is important, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Silent Treatment
Silent treatment is the refusal to communicate with someone who is trying to communicate and elicit a response. It may range from just sulking to malevolent abusive controlling behaviour. It may be a passive-aggressive form of emotional abuse in which displeasure, disapproval and contempt is exhibited through nonverbal gestures while maintaining verbal silence. Clinical psychologist Harriet Braiker identifies it as a form of manipulative punishment. It may be used as a form of social rejection; according to the social psychologist Kipling Williams, it is the most common form of ostracism. Origin of term The term originated from "treatment" through silence, which was fashionable in prisons in the 19th century. In use since the prison reforms of 1835, the silent treatment was used in prisons as an alternative to physical punishment, as it was believed that forbidding prisoners from speaking, calling them by a number rather than their name, and making them cover their faces so ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Send To Coventry
"Send to Coventry" is an idiom used in England meaning to deliberately ostracise someone. Typically, this is done by not talking to them, avoiding their company, and acting as if they no longer exist. Coventry is a historical cathedral city in the West Midlands county. Origin The origins of this phrase are unknown, although it is quite probable that events in Coventry in the English Civil War in the 1640s play a part. One hypothesis as to its origin is based upon ''The History of the Rebellion and Civil Wars in England'', by Edward Hyde, 1st Earl of Clarendon. In this work, Clarendon recalls how Royalist troops that were captured in Birmingham were taken as prisoners to Coventry, which was a Parliamentarian stronghold. These troops were often not received warmly by the locals. A book entitled ''Lives of the Most Remarkable Criminals'' (1735) states that Charles II passed an act "whereby any person with malice aforethought by lying in wait unlawfully cutting out or disab ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Passive Aggression
Passive-aggressive behavior is characterized by a pattern of passive hostility and an avoidance of direct communication. Inaction where some action is socially customary is a typical passive-aggressive strategy (showing up late for functions, staying silent when a response is expected). It is typically used to avoid confrontation, rejection, or criticism. Passive-aggressive behavior is sometimes protested by associates, evoking exasperation or confusion. People who are recipients of passive-aggressive behavior may experience anxiety due to the discordance between what they perceive and what the perpetrator is saying. Application Psychology In psychology, "passive-aggression" is one of the most misused psychological terms. After some debate, the American Psychiatric Association dropped it from the list of personality disorders in the DSM IV as too narrow to be a full-blown diagnosis and not well enough supported by scientific evidence to meet increasingly rigorous standards of d ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Obstructionism
Obstructionism is the practice of deliberately delaying, preventing or Abuse of process, abusing a process. In politics Obstructionism or policy of obstruction denotes the deliberate interference with the progress of a legislation by various means such as the filibuster which consists of extending the debate upon a proposal in order to delay or completely prevent a vote on its passage. Another form of parliamentary obstruction practiced in the United States and other countries is called "slow walking". It specifically refers to the extremely slow speed with which legislators walk to the podium to cast their ballots. For example, in Japan this tactic is known as a "cow walk", and in Hawaii it is known as a "Devil's Gambit". Consequently, slow walking is also used as a synonym for obstructionism itself. Obstructionism can also take the form of widespread agreement to oppose policies from the other side of a political debate or dispute. Notable obstructionists John O'Connor Po ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
