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Starczynów Desert
The Starczynów Desert ( pl, Pustynia Starczynowska) is an area of formerly exposed but now largely overgrown sand dunes in the Lower Silesian Forest in the Silesian upland between Olkusz and Bukowno in the Malopolska Voivodeship, southern Poland. The desert takes its name from the former village of Starczynów, which was merged into Bukowno in 1958. History Prior to the 12th century the sandy deposits of the area were covered by dense forest. The desert is believed to have been created by sand deposits becoming exposed due to the combined effect of tree-felling from the 13th century onwards, Zinc and Lead mining in the area (for which trees were felled to provide pit-props and to fuel smelting Smelting is a process of applying heat to ore, to extract a base metal. It is a form of extractive metallurgy. It is used to extract many metals from their ores, including silver, iron, copper, and other base metals. Smelting uses heat and a ... operations), fire-break roads being ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Poland
Poland, officially the Republic of Poland, is a country in Central Europe. It is divided into 16 administrative provinces called voivodeships, covering an area of . Poland has a population of over 38 million and is the fifth-most populous member state of the European Union. Warsaw is the nation's capital and largest metropolis. Other major cities include Kraków, Wrocław, Łódź, Poznań, Gdańsk, and Szczecin. Poland has a temperate transitional climate and its territory traverses the Central European Plain, extending from Baltic Sea in the north to Sudeten and Carpathian Mountains in the south. The longest Polish river is the Vistula, and Poland's highest point is Mount Rysy, situated in the Tatra mountain range of the Carpathians. The country is bordered by Lithuania and Russia to the northeast, Belarus and Ukraine to the east, Slovakia and the Czech Republic to the south, and Germany to the west. It also shares maritime boundaries with Denmark and Sweden. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lower Silesian Forest
Lower Silesian Forest ( pl, Bory Dolnośląskie, german: Niederschlesische Heide) is the largest continuous forest of Poland, with total area of 1650 square kilometers. It is located in southwestern Poland, in the Lower Silesian Voivodeship and the Lubusz Voivodeship, near border with Germany. Western boundary of the forest is made by the Nysa Łużycka, behind which spreads a German forest, Muskauer Heide. It is mostly covered by pine trees. The area of the Lower Silesian Forest is predominantly flat, with the biggest point, the hill called Dębniak measuring only 238 meters above sea level. The wilderness is subdivided into several smaller forests, and it is crossed by a number of rivers, including the Kwisa, the Bóbr, and the Szprotawa. Among most important urban centers in this region are Bolesławiec, Węgliniec, Żagań, Żary, Szprotawa, and Pieńsk. The Lower Silesian Forest is very popular among hunters, as it is rich in such animals as deer, wild pigs, hares, foxes, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Olkusz
Olkusz ( yi, עלקיש ''Elkish'', german: 1941-45 Ilkenau) is a town in southern Poland with 36,607 inhabitants (2014). Situated in the Lesser Poland Voivodeship (since 1999), previously in Katowice Voivodeship (1975–1998), it is the capital of Olkusz County. Olkusz is known for its abundance of silver, which is mined and extracted in the vicinity. Surroundings The city is on the Baba River, a tributary of the Sztoła, with a major road reaching it from Warsaw and Kraków, making it the central city of the vicinity. Tourists who wish to visit nature and historical sites, start from here. Also, Olkusz is located on the main railroad line, which connects Upper Silesia and Zaglebie with Kielce. The Starczynów Desert is located nearby, and wind-blown sands from the desert troubled the town until the desert was planted with trees in 1949 resulting in the desert becoming overgrown. History On the city's website, a myth is cited that the city was founded by ancient Phoenicia ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bukowno
Bukowno is a town in Olkusz County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, Poland. Before 1975 it belonged to the Kraków Voivodeship and in 1975-1998 to the Katowice Voivodeship. Bukowno is located in western part of Lesser Poland Voivodeship, between Katowice and Kraków about away from both towns. As of December 2021, the town has a population of 9,876. Bukowno is situated on the Sztoła River, and belongs to the ''Jaworzno - Chrzanów Industrial District'', which is part of historic Lesser Poland, and is located in the Lesser Polish Upland, amidst deciduous and coniferous forests. Bukowno is a major center of industry, with zinc and lead plants. The town has the area of 63 km2., of which 73% is forested. Bukowno is a rail hub, with rail connections to Olkusz, Kielce, Jaworzno and Katowice. It also is located along the Broad Gauge Metallurgy Line. Five kilometers north of town goes National Road Nr. 94. History As a village, it was first mentioned in the 15th century, but di ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Malopolska Voivodship
Lesser Poland Voivodeship or Lesser Poland Province (in pl, województwo małopolskie ), also known as Małopolska, is a voivodeship (province), in southern Poland. It has an area of , and a population of 3,404,863 (2019). It was created on 1 January 1999 out of the former Kraków, Tarnów, Nowy Sącz and parts of Bielsko-Biała, Katowice, Kielce and Krosno Voivodeships, pursuant to the Polish local government reforms adopted in 1998. The province's name recalls the traditional name of a historic Polish region, Lesser Poland, or in Polish: Małopolska. Current Lesser Poland Voivodeship, however, covers only a small part of the broader ancient Małopolska region which, together with Greater Poland (''Wielkopolska'') and Silesia (''Śląsk''), formed the early medieval Polish state. Historic Lesser Poland is much larger than the current province. It stretches far north, to Radom, and Siedlce, also including such cities, as Stalowa Wola, Lublin, Kielce, Częstochowa, and Sosnowiec. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Smelting
Smelting is a process of applying heat to ore, to extract a base metal. It is a form of extractive metallurgy. It is used to extract many metals from their ores, including silver, iron, copper, and other base metals. Smelting uses heat and a chemical reducing agent to decompose the ore, driving off other elements as gases or slag and leaving the metal base behind. The reducing agent is commonly a fossil fuel source of carbon, such as coke—or, in earlier times, charcoal. The oxygen in the ore binds to carbon at high temperatures due to the lower potential energy of the bonds in carbon dioxide (). Smelting most prominently takes place in a blast furnace to produce pig iron, which is converted into steel. The carbon source acts as a chemical reactant to remove oxygen from the ore, yielding the purified metal element as a product. The carbon source is oxidized in two stages. First, the carbon (C) combusts with oxygen (O2) in the air to produce carbon monoxide (CO). Second, the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Aeolian Processes
Aeolian processes, also spelled eolian, pertain to wind activity in the study of geology and weather and specifically to the wind's ability to shape the surface of the Earth (or other planets). Winds may erode, transport, and deposit materials and are effective agents in regions with sparse vegetation, a lack of soil moisture and a large supply of unconsolidated sediments. Although water is a much more powerful eroding force than wind, aeolian processes are important in arid environments such as deserts. The term is derived from the name of the Greek god Aeolus, the keeper of the winds. Definition and setting ''Aeolian processes'' are those processes of erosion, transport, and deposition of sediments that are caused by wind at or near the surface of the earth. Sediment deposits produced by the action of wind and the sedimentary structures characteristic of these deposits are also described as ''aeolian''. Aeolian processes are most important in areas where there is little or ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kozłow Desert
The Kozłow Desert ( pl, Pustynia Kozłowska) is an area of sand dunes in the Lower Silesian Forest near the village of Kozłow, approximately 17 km south-east of Szprotawa in Lubusz Voivodeship, Żagań County, southern Poland, on the border between the municipalities of Gromadka and Bolesławiec. The desert is part of the Przemkowski Landscape Park. The dunes formed as a result of glacial action in the area. The "desert" was formed as a result of military exercises in the area, particularly as a result of the destruction of vegetation by rocket exercises from the 1920s onwards, first under the Germans and then later under the Soviets, which exposed the sand-dunes. The area was favoured for rocket exercises as the dunes formed a shield blocking the flight and explosion of rockets. The rocket exercises in the area finally ended in 1992 with the withdrawal of Soviet forces from Poland. The sandy area of the desert presently covers 20 hectares, though it is slowly being overgrown a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Deserts Of Poland
A desert is a barren area of landscape where little precipitation occurs and, consequently, living conditions are hostile for plant and animal life. The lack of vegetation exposes the unprotected surface of the ground to denudation. About one-third of the land surface of the Earth is arid or semi-arid. This includes much of the polar regions, where little precipitation occurs, and which are sometimes called polar deserts or "cold deserts". Deserts can be classified by the amount of precipitation that falls, by the temperature that prevails, by the causes of desertification or by their geographical location. Deserts are formed by weathering processes as large variations in temperature between day and night put strains on the rocks, which consequently break in pieces. Although rain seldom occurs in deserts, there are occasional downpours that can result in flash floods. Rain falling on hot rocks can cause them to shatter, and the resulting fragments and rubble strewn over the de ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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