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Southwest Pama–Nyungan Languages
The Southwest Pama–Nyungan or Nyungic language group is the most diverse and widespread, though hypothetical, subfamily of the Pama–Nyungan language family of Australia. It contains about fifty distinct languages. Internal classification The Kanyara and Mantharta languages appear to be the most divergent of the Southwest languages. The others are sometimes collected under the name Nyungic. * Kanyara * Mantharta * Nyungic ** Ngayarda ** Kartu **''Nyungar'' **'' Mangarla'' **Mirning (Mirniny) ** Wati ( Western Desert language) ** Marrngu ** Ngarrka–Ngumpin ** Yura Validity The proposal has been largely abandoned. Bowern (2011) restricts "Southwest Pama–Nyungan" to Nyungar plus Kalaaku. (See Nyungic languages The Nyungic languages are the south-westernmost of the Australian Aboriginal languages: * Nyungar languages * Galaagu language (Kalarko, Malpa) * Kalaamaya– Natingero Galaagu and Kalaamaya/Natingero are poorly attested; it is not clear how ....) Footnotes ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Australia
Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a Sovereign state, sovereign country comprising the mainland of the Australia (continent), Australian continent, the island of Tasmania, and numerous List of islands of Australia, smaller islands. With an area of , Australia is the largest country by area in Oceania and the world's List of countries and dependencies by area, sixth-largest country. Australia is the oldest, flattest, and driest inhabited continent, with the least fertile soils. It is a Megadiverse countries, megadiverse country, and its size gives it a wide variety of landscapes and climates, with Deserts of Australia, deserts in the centre, tropical Forests of Australia, rainforests in the north-east, and List of mountains in Australia, mountain ranges in the south-east. The ancestors of Aboriginal Australians began arriving from south east Asia approximately Early human migrations#Nearby Oceania, 65,000 years ago, during the Last Glacial Period, last i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pama–Nyungan Languages
The Pama–Nyungan languages are the most widespread family of Australian Aboriginal languages, containing 306 out of 400 Aboriginal languages in Australia. The name "Pama–Nyungan" is a merism: it derived from the two end-points of the range: the Pama languages of northeast Australia (where the word for "man" is ) and the Nyungan languages of southwest Australia (where the word for "man" is ). The other language families indigenous to the continent of Australia are occasionally referred to, by exclusion, as non-Pama–Nyungan languages, though this is not a taxonomic term. The Pama–Nyungan family accounts for most of the geographic spread, most of the Aboriginal population, and the greatest number of languages. Most of the Pama–Nyungan languages are spoken by small ethnic groups of hundreds of speakers or fewer. The vast majority of languages, either due to disease or elimination of their speakers, have become extinct, and almost all remaining ones are endangered in some ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kanyara Languages
The Kanyara languages are a pair of closely related languages in the southern Pilbara region of Western Australia. According to Dixon (2002) languages classified as members of the Kanyara languages group are (with the varieties in parentheses sometimes considered separate languages): * Burduna ( Bayungu/Payungu); and * Thalanyji ( Binigura, Pinikura). However, according to Peter Austin (2008Austin, Peter. 2008The classification of Pinikura, Western Australia.In Morphology and language history, Current Issues in Linguistic Theory, 298), Binigura/Pinikura, Thalanyji, Payungu and Purdana (all classified as separate languages in AUSTLANG) "should probably be classified as belonging to the Kanyara subgroup". The languages are spoken in the region between the mouths of the Gascoyne River The Gascoyne River is a river in the Gascoyne region of Western Australia. At , it is the longest river in Western Australia. Description The Gascoyne River comprises three branches in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mantharta Languages
Mantharta is a partly extinct dialect cluster spoken in the southern Pilbara region of Western Australia. There were four varieties, which were distinct but largely mutually intelligible. The four were: * Tharrgari (Tharrkari, Dhargari), still spoken c. 2005 * Warriyangka (Wadiwangga), still spoken c. 1973 * Thiin (Thiinma), still spoken c. 2021 * Jiwarli (Tjiwarli), extinct by 2004 The name ''mantharta'' comes from the word for "man" in all four varieties. Language revival , the Warriyangga dialect is one of 20 languages prioritised as part of the Priority Languages Support Project, being undertaken by First Languages Australia and funded by the Department of Communications and the Arts The Australian Department of Communications and the Arts was a department of the Government of Australia charged with responsibility for communications policy and programs and cultural affairs. In December 2019, prime minister Scott Morrison .... The project aims to "identify and docu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nyungic Languages
The Nyungic languages are the south-westernmost of the Australian Aboriginal languages: * Nyungar languages * Galaagu language (Kalarko, Malpa) * Kalaamaya– Natingero Galaagu and Kalaamaya/Natingero are poorly attested; it is not clear how close they are to each other or to Nyungar, and Kalaamaya may have been a variety of Nyungar proper. A variety called ''Nyaki Nyaki (Njakinjaki)'' has been variously said to be a dialect of Nyungar or of Kalaamaya. The term ''Nyungic'' has been used for the bulk of the Southwest Pama–Nyungan languages (see). However, that is a geographical group, not a demonstrable family. Bowern restricts both terms to Nyungar plus Galaagu, which is poorly attested and had been misclassified as one of the Mirning languages. References {{Australian Aboriginal languages Southwest Pama–Nyungan languages ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ngayarda Languages
The Ngayarda (''Ngayarta'' /ŋajaʈa/) languages are a group of closely related languages in the Pilbara region of Western Australia. The languages classified as members of the Ngayarda languages group are (following Bowern & Koch 2004): * Martuthunira * Ngarluma-Kariyarra *Yindjibarndi– Kurrama * Panyjima * Jurruru * Nyamal * Yinhawangka * Ngarla * Nhuwala *Palyku Dench (1995) says that for Yinhawangka, Nhuwala and Ngarla there is insufficient data to enable them to be confidently classified, and he places them in Ngayarda for convenience. However, Bowern & Koch (2004) include them without proviso. Further, there are grounds for considering Yindjibarndi-Kurrama and Ngarluma-Kariyarra to be dialect pairs, though the indigenous perception is that they are separate languages. Palyku has sometimes been excluded; it is somewhat divergent. The name ''ngayarda'' comes from the word for "man" in many of the languages of the group. They form a branch of the Pama–Nyungan family. T ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kartu Languages
The Kartu languages is a group of Indigenous Australian languages spoken in the Murchison and Gascoyne regions of Western Australia. They are thought to be closely related and to form a low-level genealogical group. The languages usually considered to be members of the Kartu group are, from north to south: * Yinggarda * Malgana *? Nhanda (possibly also Nhanhagardi) * Wajarri * Badimaya The inclusion of Nhanda The Nhanda people, also spelt Nanda, Nhunda, Nhanta, and other variants, are an Aboriginal Australian people who live in the mid-west region of Western Australia around the mouth of the Murchison River. Language The traditional language of t ... is dubious. It was excluded in Bowern & Koch (2004),Bowern & Koch (2004) ''Australian Languages: Classification and the Comparative Method'' but retained in Bowern (2011).Bowern, Claire. 2011. How Many Languages Were Spoken in Australia?' Thaagurda was apparently also a Kartu language. The name ''kartu'' comes from th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Noongar Language
Noongar (; also Nyungar ) is an Australian Aboriginal language or dialect continuum, spoken by some members of the Noongar community and others. It is taught actively in Australia, including at schools, universities and through public broadcasting. The country of the Noongar people is the southwest corner of Western Australia. Within that region, many Noongar words have been adopted into English, particularly names of plants and animals. Noongar was first recorded in 1801 by Matthew Flinders, who made a number of word lists. Varieties of the Noongar subgroup It is generally agreed that there was no single, standard Noongar (or Nyungar) language before European settlement: it was a subgroup (or possibly a dialect continuum) of closely related languages, whose speakers were differentiated geographically and, in some cases, by cultural practices. The dialects merged into the modern Noongar language following colonisation. A 1990 conference organised by the Nyoongar Language Proje ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mangarla Language , inland from the coast.
Mangarla, also spelt Mangala, is a Pama–Nyungan language of Western Australia. It is spoken by the Mangarla people of the north-western area of the Great Sandy Desert The Great Sandy Desert is an interim Australian bioregion,IBRA Version 6.1 data Phoneme Inventory Mangala's phoneme inventory is typical of Australian languages, and is identical to the inventories of the other Marrngu languages. There are 17 consonant phonemes. Also typical of Australian languages, there are only three vowel phonemes.References Marrngu languages {{ia-lang-stub ...[...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mirning Languages
The Mirning or Mirniny languages are a pair of Pama–Nyungan languages of the Nullarbor Coast of Australia.Bowern, Claire. 2011.How Many Languages Were Spoken in Australia?, ''Anggarrgoon: Australian languages on the web'', December 23, 2011correctedFebruary 6, 2012) *Mirning (Mirniny) * Ngadjunmaya (Ngatjumaya) Galaagu (Kalarko) and Kalaamaya, once thought to be related to Mirning, turn out to be closer to Nyungar The Noongar (, also spelt Noongah, Nyungar , Nyoongar, Nyoongah, Nyungah, Nyugah, and Yunga ) are Aboriginal Australian peoples who live in the south-west corner of Western Australia, from Geraldton on the west coast to Esperance on the so .... References {{Australian Aboriginal languages Southwest Pama–Nyungan languages ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Wati Languages
The Wati languages are the dominant Pama–Nyungan languages of central Australia. They include the moribund Wanman language and the Western Desert dialect continuum A dialect continuum or dialect chain is a series of language varieties spoken across some geographical area such that neighboring varieties are mutually intelligible, but the differences accumulate over distance so that widely separated vari ..., which is sometimes considered to be a dozen distinct languages. It is not clear whether Antakarinya is Warnman or Western Desert. Bowern (2011) adds Ngardi,Bowern, Claire. 2011.How Many Languages Were Spoken in Australia?, ''Anggarrgoon: Australian languages on the web'', December 23, 2011correctedFebruary 6, 2012) which had previously been classified as Ngumpin–Yapa. Wati is generally included in Southwest Pama–Nyungan by those who accept that proposal. However, SW Pama–Nyungan may be an areal group, and is not included in Bowern (2011). References {{ ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
