Società Anonima Delle Strade Ferrate Della Lombardia E Dell'Italia Centrale
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Società Anonima Delle Strade Ferrate Della Lombardia E Dell'Italia Centrale
The Società anonima delle strade ferrate della Lombardia e dell'Italia Centrale was a joint-stock Anglo-French-Italian private company formed, following the partition of the territory, and the railways built in it, under construction or planned, resulting from the defeat of Austria in the Second Italian War of Independence, following the convention of 25 June 1860 among the Ministers of King Vittorio Emanuele II for Public Works and Finance and the previous Imperial-regia società privilegiata delle strade ferrate lombardo-venete e dell'Italia Centrale. History The complicated process leading to the birth of the company has its roots in the decade of 1850-1860. The agreement between the Ministers of Public Works and Finance of the Kingdom of Italy (newly established) on 25 June 1860 and approved by the Parliament of the Kingdom, consisting of the Senate and the Chamber of Deputies on July 8, ratified, with the appropriate changes in the composition of the share capital, guara ...
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Second Italian War Of Independence
The Second Italian War of Independence, also called the Sardinian War, the Austro-Sardinian War, the Franco-Austrian War, or the Italian War of 1859 (Italian: ''Seconda guerra d'indipendenza italiana''; German: ''Sardinischer Krieg''; French: ''Campagne d'Italie''), was fought by the Second French Empire and the Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861), Kingdom of Sardinia against the Austrian Empire in 1859 and played a crucial part in the process of Italian Unification. A year prior to the war, in the Plombières Agreement, France agreed to support Sardinia's efforts to expel Austria from Italy in return for territorial compensation in the form of the Duchy of Savoy and the County of Nice. The two states signed a military alliance in January 1859. Sardinia mobilised its army on 9 March 1859, and Austria mobilized on 9 April. On 23 April, Austria delivered an ultimatum to Sardinia demanding its demobilization. Upon Sardinia's refusal, the war began on 26 April. Austria invaded Sardin ...
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Southern Railway (Austria)
The Southern Railway () is a railway in Austria that runs from Vienna Vienna ( ; ; ) is the capital city, capital, List of largest cities in Austria, most populous city, and one of Federal states of Austria, nine federal states of Austria. It is Austria's primate city, with just over two million inhabitants. ... to Graz and the border with Slovenia at Spielfeld via Semmering railway, Semmering and Bruck an der Mur. Along with the Spielfeld-Straß–Trieste railway (lying largely in Slovenia), it forms part of the Austrian Southern Railway that connected Vienna with Trieste, the main seaport of the Austria-Hungary, Austro-Hungarian Monarchy, via Ljubljana. A main obstacle in its construction was getting over the Semmering Pass over the Northern Limestone Alps. The twin-track, electrified section that runs through the current territory of Austria is owned and operated by Austrian Federal Railways (ÖBB) and is one of the major lines in the country. History *1829: Austrian ...
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Rete Adriatica
Rete Adriatica (RA) defines the network of railway lines assigned to the Società per le Strade Ferrate Meridionali under the Conventions of 1885. This network was merged into the Italian State Railways (FS) in 1905. History Following the conclusions of a parliamentary commission of inquiry, established to examine the serious problems of management of the Italian private railway companies, 23 on April 1884, agreements were stipulated between the State and three large private companies, for a duration of 60 years, and were approved on 6 March 1885. The agreements divided the Italian railways in a longitudinal direction with respect to the peninsula and assigned to the Società per le Strade Ferrate Meridionali (SFM) the tracks of most of the railway network bordering on the Adriatic. This included lines east of Milan, and in Veneto and Emilia-Romagna, and totalled 4,379 km. The network was called Rete Adriatica (Adriatic Network). To obtain the concession of the Adriatic ...
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Rete Mediterranea
Rete Mediterranea (RM) defines that part of the Italian railway network that, under the law of 27 April 1885, no. 3048 was assigned to the Società per le Strade Ferrate del Mediterraneo for operation and development. These were mainly lines from the north-west, Ligurian and Tyrrhenian. The initials RM were also used to mark locomotives and rolling stock. History The railway networks built before 1885 were largely in concession to private individuals and were in more or less severe economic difficulties. The Kingdom of Italy, in implementation of Law no. 3048 of 27 April 1885 (also called the Railway Conventions) distributed most of the railways of the peninsula into two large networks arranged longitudinally, namely the Rete Mediterranea (Mediterranean Network), of 4,171 km and the Rete Adriatica (Adriatic Network), of 4,379 km, granting them to two large companies to operate for a fee. The Mediterranean Network had roughly the North-West, Liguria Liguria (; ; , ...
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Victor Emmanuel Railway
The Victor Emmanuel Railway (VER) was created on 25 May 1853 by decree of Victor Emmanuel II, King of Sardinia. After 1865 it took the name of Società per le Strade Ferrate Calabro-Sicule (SFCS). In 1867, the Savoy part of the system was transferred to the PLM. Between 1871 and 1873 the Italian part was incorporated into the Società per le Strade Ferrate Meridionali. Overview The Victor Emmanuel Railway (VER) was created on 25 May 1853 by decree of Victor Emmanuel II, King of Sardinia. It was authorised to run through Savoy from Culoz, at the boundary with France, via Chambéry and then through Piedmont, from Susa to Turin and onward to Buffalora at the boundary with Austrian territory. The Piedmont section was built by the VER itself. The Savoy section was built by Thomas Brassey and various partners but quickly purchased by the VER. At the time both Savoy and Piedmont were ruled by Victor Emmanuel who was also Duke of Savoy and soon to be King of Italy. Victor Emmanue ...
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Società Per Le Strade Ferrate Meridionali
''Società'' (Italian: ''Society'') was an Italian communist cultural magazine published in Italy between 1945 and 1961. History and profile ''Società'' was founded as a quarterly magazine in Florence in 1945. The founders were Ranuccio Bianchi Bandinelli, Cesare Luporini and Romano Bilenchi. Bandinelli also directed the magazine. In 1948 the magazine became closer to the Italian Communist Party (PCI), but was not published by the party. The headquarters was later moved to Rome, and in 1954 its frequency was switched to bimonthly. ''Società'' featured Italian fiction and poetry and occasionally included some essays on the theater and the cinema. It was one of the publications read by the Italian intellectuals, who had Gramscian views. Giorgio Napolitano Giorgio Napolitano (; 29 June 1925 – 22 September 2023) was an Italian politician who served as President of Italy from 2006 to 2015, the first to be re-elected to the office. In office for 8 years and 244 days, he was ...
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Società Per Le Strade Ferrate Romane
The Società per le strade ferrate romane (''Roman Railways'', SFR) was an Italian railway company from 1865 to 1885. History 1860 The ''Società Generale delle Strade Ferrate Romane'' (Italian: ''General Roman Railways'') was formed in 1860 from a merger of the ''Società Pio Centrale'' (''Central Pius Railway''), builder of the Rome–Civitavecchia railway and the ''Società Pio Latina'' (''Latin Pius Railway''), builder of the Rome–Frascati railway. Shortly afterwards it absorbed the ''Royal Neapolitan Railway Company'', builder of the Naples–Caserta railway. 1865 On 1 July 1865 the ''Roman Railways'' were established with of line, comprising from the ''General Roman Railway Company'', of line from the ''Livornese Railway Company'' (Italian: ''Società delle Ferrovie Livornesi'') and from the ''Central Railway Company of Tuscany'' (Italian: ''Società per la Ferrovia Centrale Toscana''). At its establishment its network included the Rome–Cassino–Naples line, the ...
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Società Per Le Strade Ferrate Dell'Alta Italia
The Società per le strade ferrate dell'Alta Italia (''Upper Italian Railways'', ''SFAI'') was an Italian railway company from 1865 to 1885. History It was established on 1 July 1865 with of line it acquired from the state railway of the Kingdom of Sardinia (Piedmont) (), the part of the state railway of the former Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia () that had been absorbed into the Kingdom of Italy in 1859 after the Second Italian War of Independence and some other private railways. At its establishment, it included the Turin–Genoa, the Fréjus line, the Turin–Milan, Milan–Chiasso, Milan–Domodossola, Milan–Bologna and the Bologna–Pistoia lines. After Austria's defeat in the Third Italian War of Independence in 1866, the railways of the Veneto (amounting to ), including the Milan–Venice line, were transferred to the SFAI. On 1 July 1885 its network was taken over by the Rete Mediterranea (''Mediterranean Network'') and the Rete Adriatica (''Adriatic Netwo ...
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Po (river)
The Po ( , ) is the longest river in Italy. It flows eastward across northern Italy, starting from the Cottian Alps. The river's length is , or if the Maira (river), Maira, a right bank tributary, is included. The headwaters of the Po are formed by a Spring (hydrology), spring seeping from a stony hillside at Pian del Re, a flat place at the head of the Val Po under the northwest face of Monviso. The Po then extends along the 45th parallel north before ending at a delta projecting into the Adriatic Sea near Venice. Draining a basin of , the Po is characterized by its large Discharge (hydrology), discharge (several List of rivers by length, rivers over 1,000 km have a discharge inferior or equal to the Po). It is, with the Rhône and Nile, one of the three Mediterranean rivers with the largest water discharge. As a result of its characteristics, the river is subject to heavy flooding. Consequently, over half its length is controlled with Levee, embankments. The river flows throu ...
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Mincio
The Mincio (; ; ; ; ) is a river in the Lombardy region of northern Italy. The river is the main outlet of Lake Garda. It is a part of the ''Sarca-Mincio'' river system which also includes the river Sarca and the Lake Garda. The river starts from the south-eastern tip of the lake at the town of Peschiera del Garda and then flows for about past Mantua and into the river Po. From Lake Garda until it reaches Pozzolo, it forms the boundary between Veneto and Lombardy regions. In the Etruscan period, the Mincio probably joined with the river Tartaro and flowed into the Adriatic Sea into the pit Filistina, in Roman Republic it was made to flow into the Po with three branches from Mantua by Quintus Curius Hostilius, subsequently reunited in a single embanked in 1198 on a project by Alberto Pitentino and regulated its course with several dams ( Ponte dei Mulini, Mantua) and the Governolo) dam to make it navigable, to prevent Mantua from being flooded by the flooding of the P ...
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Ticino (river)
The river Ticino ( , ; ; French language, French and ; ) is the most important perennial left-bank tributary of the Po (river), Po. It has given its name to the Canton of Ticino, Swiss canton through which its upper portion flows. It is one of the four major rivers taking their source in the Gotthard Massif, Gotthard region, along with the Rhône, Reuss (river), Reuss and Rhine. The river rises in the Val Bedretto in Switzerland at the frontier between the cantons of Canton of Valais, Valais and canton of Ticino, Ticino right below the Nufenen Pass, is fed by the glaciers of the Alps and later flows through Lake Maggiore, which traverses the border to Italy. The Ticino joins the Po a few kilometres downstream (along the Ticino) from Pavia. It is about long. The stretch of river between Lake Maggiore and the confluence in the Po is included in the Parco naturale lombardo della Valle del Ticino, a Nature reserve included by UNESCO in the World Network of Biosphere Reserves. Name ...
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Società Anonima Per La Strada Ferrata Dell'Italia Centrale
The Società Anonima per la Strada Ferrata dell'Italia Centrale was a railway company established in 1851 for the purpose of creating a railway link between Piacenza, Bologna and Tuscany. It later became part of the Milan - Bologna Railway. History The company was established in Florence by Bartolomeo Cini with the collaboration of the brothers Pietro and Tommaso, in order to obtain the concession, following the Convention stipulated in Rome on 1 May 1851 between the governments of the Papal States, of the Austrian Empire, of the Duchy of Modena, of the Duchy of Parma and of the Grand Duchy of Tuscany for the construction of a railway starting in Piacenza and continuing to Parma, Reggio Emilia and Modena up to Bologna and from there towards Tuscany and Prato or Pistoia. There would be a junction at Reggio Emilia with a branch coming from the Po in the direction of Mantua. Finance A Building and Administration Committee was set up which, once activated, would be replaced by a Man ...
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