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Snowflake (software)
Snowflake is a software package for assisting others in Internet censorship circumvention, circumventing internet censorship by relaying data requests. Snowflake proxy nodes are meant to be created by people in countries where Tor (network), Tor and Snowflake are not blocked. People under censorship then use a Snowflake client (packaged with the Tor Browser anOnion Browser to access the Tor network, using Snowflake relays as proxy servers. Access to the Tor network can in turn give access to other blocked services (like blocked websites). A Snowflake proxy can be created by either installing a browser extension, installing a stand-alone program or browsing a webpage with an embedded Snowflake proxy. The proxy runs after the user has voluntarily enabled it and the Web browser, browser or program is connected to the internet. In contrast to regular Virtual private network, VPNs and proxy services, launching a Snowflake proxy does not require port forwarding or having a Dedicated I ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Serene (pianist)
Serene is an American classical concert pianist and technologist who created the Snowflake (software), Snowflake transport mechanism which was used heavily by Tor (network), Tor. Serene is also known for combining music and technology, such as programming and performing alongside musical robots. Early life and education Serene is ethnically Chinese and spent her childhood in a variety of regions within North America. She attended Carnegie Mellon University, graduating with a degree in computer science in 2012. Career in software She worked as the first engineer for technology incubator Google Ideas, now Jigsaw (company), Jigsaw LLC. While a senior fellow at the International Computer Science Institute in Berkeley, California, she was a recipient of the Open Technology Fund’s Information Controls Fellowship, where she created Snowflake (software), Snowflake, a pluggable transport enabling censorship circumvention for The Tor Project as its first use-case. She is the founder ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Terabyte
The byte is a unit of digital information that most commonly consists of eight bits. Historically, the byte was the number of bits used to encode a single character of text in a computer and for this reason it is the smallest addressable unit of memory in many computer architectures. To disambiguate arbitrarily sized bytes from the common 8-bit definition, network protocol documents such as the Internet Protocol () refer to an 8-bit byte as an octet. Those bits in an octet are usually counted with numbering from 0 to 7 or 7 to 0 depending on the bit endianness. The size of the byte has historically been hardware-dependent and no definitive standards existed that mandated the size. Sizes from 1 to 48 bits have been used. The six-bit character code was an often-used implementation in early encoding systems, and computers using six-bit and nine-bit bytes were common in the 1960s. These systems often had memory words of 12, 18, 24, 30, 36, 48, or 60 bits, corresponding ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dynamic IP
An Internet Protocol address (IP address) is a numerical label such as that is assigned to a device connected to a computer network that uses the Internet Protocol for communication. IP addresses serve two main functions: network interface identification, and location addressing. Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4) was the first standalone specification for the IP address, and has been in use since 1983. IPv4 addresses are defined as a 32-bit number, which became too small to provide enough addresses as the internet grew, leading to IPv4 address exhaustion over the 2010s. Its designated successor, IPv6, uses 128 bits for the IP address, giving it a larger address space. Although IPv6 deployment has been ongoing since the mid-2000s, both IPv4 and IPv6 are still used side-by-side . IP addresses are usually displayed in a human-readable notation, but systems may use them in various different computer number formats. CIDR notation can also be used to designate how much of the addr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Peer-to-peer
Peer-to-peer (P2P) computing or networking is a distributed application architecture that partitions tasks or workloads between peers. Peers are equally privileged, equipotent participants in the network, forming a peer-to-peer network of Node (networking), nodes. In addition, a personal area network (PAN) is also in nature a type of Decentralized computing, decentralized peer-to-peer network typically between two devices. Peers make a portion of their resources, such as processing power, disk storage, or network bandwidth, directly available to other network participants, without the need for central coordination by servers or stable hosts. Peers are both suppliers and consumers of resources, in contrast to the traditional client–server model in which the consumption and supply of resources are divided. While P2P systems had previously been used in many application domains, the architecture was popularized by the Internet file sharing system Napster, originally released in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Domain Fronting
Domain fronting is a technique for Internet censorship circumvention that uses different domain names in different communication layers of an HTTPS connection to discreetly connect to a different target domain than that which is discernable to third parties monitoring the requests and connections. Due to quirks in security certificates, the redirect systems of the content delivery networks (CDNs) used as 'domain fronts', and the protection provided by HTTPS, censors are typically unable to differentiate circumvention ("domain-fronted") traffic from overt non-fronted traffic for any given domain name. As such they are forced to either allow all traffic to the domain front—including circumvention traffic—or block the domain front entirely, which may result in expensive collateral damage and has been likened to "blocking the rest of the Internet". Domain fronting is achieved by a mismatch of the HTTP Host header and the TLS SNI extension. The standard that defines the SNI ex ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Censorship Of Wikipedia
Wikipedia has been Censorship, censored by governments in a few countries including (but not limited to) China, Iran, Myanmar, Pakistan, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Tunisia, Turkey, Uzbekistan, and Venezuela. Some instances are examples of widespread Internet censorship in general that includes Wikipedia content. Others are indicative of measures to prevent the viewing of specific content deemed offensive. The duration of different blocks has varied from hours to years. When Wikipedia ran on the HTTP protocol, governments were able to block specific articles. However, in 2011, Wikipedia began also running on HTTPS, and in 2015, switched over to solely HTTPS. Since then, the only censorship options have been to block one of the entire list of Wikipedias for a particular language or prosecute Wikipedia community, editors. The switch has resulted in some countries dropping their bans and others expanding their bans to the entire site. Widespread censorship of Wikipedia Type ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Open Tech Fund
The Open Technology Fund (OTF) is an American nonprofit corporation that aims to support global Internet freedom technologies. Its mission is to "support open technologies and communities that increase free expression, circumvent censorship, and obstruct repressive surveillance as a way to promote human rights and open societies." Until its formation as an independent entity, the Open Technology Fund had operated as a program of Radio Free Asia. As of November 2019, the Open Technology Fund became an independent nonprofit corporation and a grantee of the U.S. Agency for Global Media. On March 14, 2025, President Trump issued an executive order that directed that the U.S. Agency for Global Media be eliminated "to the maximum extent consistent with applicable law", along with several other agencies. History The Open Technology Fund was started in 2012 by Libby Liu, then president of Radio Free Asia (RFA), as a pilot program within RFA to help better protect reporters and source ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rust (programming Language)
Rust is a General-purpose programming language, general-purpose programming language emphasizing Computer performance, performance, type safety, and Concurrency (computer science), concurrency. It enforces memory safety, meaning that all Reference (computer science), references point to valid memory. It does so without a conventional Garbage collection (computer science), garbage collector; instead, memory safety errors and data races are prevented by the "borrow checker", which tracks the object lifetime of references Compiler, at compile time. Rust does not enforce a programming paradigm, but was influenced by ideas from functional programming, including Immutable object, immutability, higher-order functions, algebraic data types, and pattern matching. It also supports object-oriented programming via structs, Enumerated type, enums, traits, and methods. It is popular for systems programming. Software developer Graydon Hoare created Rust as a personal project while working at ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Microsoft Edge
Microsoft Edge is a Proprietary Software, proprietary cross-platform software, cross-platform web browser created by Microsoft and based on the Chromium (web browser), Chromium open-source project, superseding Edge Legacy. In Windows 11, Edge is the only browser available from Microsoft. First made available only for Android (operating system), Android and iOS in 2017, in late 2018, Microsoft announced it would completely rebuild Edge as a Chromium (web browser), Chromium-based browser with Blink (browser engine), Blink and V8 (JavaScript engine), V8 engines, which allowed the browser to be ported from Windows 10 to macOS. The new Edge was publicly released in January 2020, and on Xbox as well as Linux in 2021. Edge was also available on Windows 7 and Windows 8, 8/Windows 8.1, 8.1 until early 2023. In February 2023, according to StatCounter, Microsoft Edge became the Usage share of web browsers, third most popular browser in the world, behind Safari (web browser), Safari and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Brave (browser)
Brave(s) or The Brave(s) may refer to: Common meanings *Brave, an adjective for one who possesses courage * Braves (Native Americans), a Euro-American stereotype for Native American warriors Film and television * ''Brave'' (1994 film), a concept film based on the Marillion album * ''The Brave'' (film), a 1997 film starring Johnny Depp * ''Brave'', a 2007 Thai film featuring Afdlin Shauki * ''Brave'' (2012 film), an animated film produced by Pixar and released by Disney * ''Brave'' (2014 film), a Nigerian short film * '' Brave: Gunjō Senki'', a 2021 live-action film adaptation of manga Gunjō Senki * ''The Brave'' (TV series), an American television series * "Brave", TV series episode of '' The Walking Dead: World Beyond'' * "Brave" (''Jurassic World Camp Cretaceous''), an episode of ''Jurassic World Camp Cretaceous'' * ''Brave Animated Series'', a 2021 Taiwanese animated series Literature * ''Brave'' (graphic novel), a 2017 children's book by Svetlana Chmakova * ''Bra ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chrome (browser)
Google Chrome is a web browser developed by Google. It was first released in 2008 for Microsoft Windows, built with free software components from Apple WebKit and Mozilla Firefox. Versions were later released for Linux, macOS, iOS, iPadOS, and also for Android (operating system), Android, where it is the default browser. The browser is also the main component of ChromeOS, where it serves as the platform for web applications. Most of Chrome's source code comes from Google's free and open-source software project Chromium (web browser), Chromium, but Chrome is licensed as proprietary freeware. WebKit was the original Browser engine, rendering engine, but Google eventually Fork (software development), forked it to create the Blink (browser engine), Blink engine; all Chrome variants except iOS used Blink as of 2017. , StatCounter estimates that Chrome has a 65% worldwide usage share of web browsers, browser market share (after peaking at 72.38% in November 2018) on personal comput ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
