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Sivas Congress
The Sivas Congress ( tr, Sivas Kongresi) was an assembly of the Turkish National Movement held for one week from 4 to 11 September 1919 in the city of Sivas, in central-eastern Turkey, which united delegates from all Anatolian provinces of the Ottoman Empire, defunct at the time in practical terms. At the time of the convention, the state capital (Constantinople) as well as many provincial cities and regions were under occupation by the Allied powers preparing for the partition of the Ottoman Empire. This was part of the wider conflict of the Turkish War of Independence. Resolutions The call for the congress had been issued by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk with his Amasya Circular three months before and the preparatory work had been handled during the Erzurum Congress. The congress at Sivas took a number of vital decisions which were foundational in shaping the future policy to be conducted in the frame of the Turkish War of Independence. The Congress also united the multiple regiona ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bekir Sami Mustafa Kemal
Bekir is a Turkish given name for males which comes from Abu Bakr the first Caliph of Islam. Given name * Bekir Fikri (1882–1914), Ottoman officer and revolutionary * Bekir Sıtkı Bircan (1886–1967), Turkish footballer * Bekir Bozdağ (born 1965), Turkish lawyer and politician * Bekir Büyükarkın (1921–1998), Turkish poet, novelist and playwright * Bekir Çoban-zade (1893–1937), Crimean Tatar poet and professor of Turkic languages * Bekir Coşkun, Turkish journalist * Bekir Sıtkı Erdoğan (1926-2014), Turkish poet and songwriter * Bekir Sami Günsav (1879–1934), officer of the Ottoman Army * Bekir İrtegün (born 1984), Turkish footballer * Bekir Karayel (born 1982), Turkish middle and long-distance runner * Bekir Sami Kunduh, Turkish politician * Bekir Küçükay, Turkish classical guitarist * Bekir Ozan Has (born 1985), Turkish footballer * Bekir Sami Kunduh (1867–1933), Turkish foreign minister * Bakr Sidqi, Iraqi nationalist and general of Kurdish or ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Imperial Government (Ottoman Empire)
Starting in the 19th century the Ottoman Empire's governing structure slowly transitioned and standardized itself into a Western style system of government, sometimes known as the Imperial Government. Mahmud II initiated this process following the disbandment and massacre of the Janissary corps, at this point a conservative bureaucratic elite, in the Auspicious Incident. A long period of reform known as the Tanzimat period started, which yielded much needed reform to the government and social contract with the multicultural citizens of the empire. In the height of the Tanzimat period in 1876, Abdul Hamid II turned the Empire into a constitutional monarchy by promulgating the Empire's first Constitution, which established the short First Constitutional Era and also featured elections for a parliament. Defeat in the 1877-1878 War with Russia and dissatisfaction with Abdul Hamid lead to the "temporary" suspension of the constitution and the parliament, resulting in a modern des ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sivas Vilayet
The Vilayet of Sivas (, ota, ولايت سيوس, Vilâyet-i Sivas) was a first-level administrative division (vilayet) of the Ottoman Empire, and was one of the Six Armenian vilayets. The vilayet was bordered by Erzurum Vilayet to the east, Mamuretülaziz Vilayet to the south-east, the Trebizond Vilayet to the north and Ankara Vilayet to the west. At the beginning of the 20th century it had an area of , while the preliminary results of the first Ottoman census of 1885 (published in 1908) gave the population as 996,126.Keane, A.H. (1909) ''Asia'' (2nd edition) E. Stanford, London, volume 1page 459 The accuracy of the population figures ranges from "approximate" to "merely conjectural" depending on the region from which they were gathered. History The Vilayet of Sivas was created in 1867 when eyalets were replaced with vilayets under the "Vilayet Law" (Turkish: ''Teşkil-i Vilayet Nizamnamesi'') and was dissolved in 1922 by Atatürk's reorganization. From 1913 to 1916, Ahm ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
History Of Sivas
Sivas (Latin and Greek: ''Sebastia'', ''Sebastea'', Σεβάστεια, Σεβαστή, ) is a city in central Turkey and the seat of Sivas Province. The city, which lies at an elevation of in the broad valley of the Kızılırmak river, is a moderately-sized trade centre and industrial city, although the economy has traditionally been based on agriculture. Rail repair shops and a thriving manufacturing industry of rugs, bricks, cement, and cotton and woolen textiles form the mainstays of the city's economy. The surrounding region is a cereal-producing area with large deposits of iron ore which are worked at Divriği. Sivas is also a communications hub for the north–south and east–west trade routes to Iraq and Iran, respectively. With the development of railways, the city gained new economic importance as junction of important rail lines linking the cities of Ankara, Kayseri, Samsun, and Erzurum. The city is linked by air to Istanbul. The popular name Sebastian derives ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sivas Congress And Ethnography Museum
Sivas Congress and Ethnography Museum is a museum in Sivas, Turkey. Location The museum building is on İnönü Boulevard in Sivas. Two medieval medreses (schools), Şifahiye Medrese and Buruciye Medrese, are to the east of the museum. History The building was originally a high school. It was built in 1892 by Mehmet Mazlum Bey, the governor of Sivas. Between 4–12 September 1919, the building was used by Turkish nationalists as a center for preparation of the Turkish War of Independence (''see'' Sivas Congress). After the congress, Mustafa Kemal Pasha (later Atatürk) and his friends stayed in this building until 18 December 1919, when they left for Ankara. Following their departure, the building returned to its former roll as a high school. In 1930, the building underwent a renovation. In 1984, upon the instruction of president Kenan Evren, the building was acquired by the Ministry of Culture Ministry of Culture may refer to: *Ministry of Tourism, Cultural Affairs, Youth and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kenan Evren
Ahmet Kenan Evren (; 17 July 1917 – 9 May 2015) was a Turkish politician and military officer, who served as the seventh President of Turkey from 1980 to 1989. He assumed the post by leading the 1980 military coup. On 18 June 2014, a Turkish court sentenced him to life imprisonment and demotion of his military rank down to private, from army general, for leading the military coup in 1980, obstructing democracy by deposing the prime minister Süleyman Demirel, abolishing the parliament and the senate and abolishing the constitution. This sentence was on appeal at the time of his death. Biography Ahmet Kenan Evren was born in Alaşehir, Manisa Province.Biography Presidency of the Republic of Turkey His father is claimed to be of Albanian origins. His mother was from a [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ministry Of Culture And Tourism (Turkey)
The Ministry of Culture and Tourism ( tr, Kültür ve Turizm Bakanlığı) is a government ministry of the Republic of Turkey, responsible for culture and tourism affairs in Turkey. Revolving fund management of the ministry is carried by DÖSİMM. On January 25, 2013, Ömer Çelik was appointed as minister following a cabinet change succeeding Ertuğrul Günay, who was in office since 2008. Ministry functions One of the responsibilities of the ministry is the preservation of manuscripts, so they are available and accessible to researchers. Trivia In promoting the country, the ministry often created promotional films for the country. In 2015, the ministry gained controversy after axing a scene from a $4 million-dollar promotional involving Julianne Moore due to her allegedly "poor acting". Ruhsar Demirel, of the Nationalist Movement Party, asked social affairs minister Ayşenur İslam: "How reasonable do you find promoting Turkey with the body of such names and women? How do you ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Republican People's Party
The Republican People's Party ( tr, Cumhuriyet Halk Partisi, , acronymized as CHP ) is a Kemalist and social-democratic political party in Turkey which currently stands as the main opposition party. It is also the oldest political party in Turkey, founded by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, the first president and founder of the modern Turkish Republic. The party is also cited as the founding party of modern Turkey. The CHP describes itself as a ''modern social-democratic party, which is faithful to the founding principles and values of the Republic of Turkey". Its logo consists of the Six Arrows, which represent the foundational principles of Kemalism: republicanism, reformism, laicism (Laïcité/Secularism), populism, nationalism, and statism. It is the main opposition party to the ruling conservative Justice and Development Party (AKP) in the Grand National Assembly with 135 MPs. The political party has its origins in the various resistance groups founded during the Turki ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Occupation Of Constantinople
The occupation of Istanbul ( tr, İstanbul'un İşgali; 12 November 1918 – 4 October 1923), the capital of the Ottoman Empire, by United Kingdom, British, France, French, Italy, Italian, and Greece, Greek forces, took place in accordance with the Armistice of Mudros, which ended Ottoman participation in the First World War. The first French troops entered the city on 12 November 1918, followed by British troops the next day. The Italian troops landed in Galata on 7 February 1919. Allied troops occupied zones based on the existing divisions of Istanbul and set up an Allied military administration early in December 1918. The occupation had two stages: the initial phase in accordance with the Armistice gave way in 1920 to a more formal arrangement under the Treaty of Sèvres. Ultimately, the Treaty of Lausanne, signed on 24 July 1923, led to the end of the occupation. The last troops of the Allies of World War I, Allies departed from the city on 4 October 1923, and the first troop ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chamber Of Deputies (Ottoman Empire)
The Chamber of Deputies ( ota, مجلس مبعوثان ; - Cited page/ref> tr, Meclis-i Mebusân or ; french: Chambre des Députés) of the Ottoman Empire was the lower house of the General Assembly of the Ottoman Empire, General Assembly, the Ottoman Parliament. Unlike the upper house, the Senate of the Ottoman Empire, Senate, the members of the Chamber of Deputies Elections in the Ottoman Empire, were elected by the general Ottoman populace, although suffrage was limited to males of a certain financial standing, among other restrictions that varied over the Chamber's lifetime. First Constitutional Era (1876–1878) In the First Constitutional Era (Ottoman Empire), First Constitutional Era, which only lasted for two years from 1876 to 1878, the initial selection of Deputies was made by the directly elected Administrative Councils in the provinces, who acted as an electoral college for Deputies and also as local governments. 1st Chamber of Deputies of the Ottoman Empire, The firs ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1919 Ottoman General Election
General elections were held in the Ottoman Empire in 1919 and were the last official elections held in the Empire.Hasan Kayalı (1995"Elections and the Electoral Process in the Ottoman Empire, 1876-1919"''International Journal of Middle East Studies'', Vol. 27, No. 3, pp 265–286 Due to the dearth of political parties, the elections were dominated by the Association for the Defense of the Rights of Anatolia and Rumelia ( tr, Anadolu ve Rumeli Müdafaa-i Hukuk Cemiyeti), which consisted of nationalist local groups protesting against the Allied occupation of Turkey. Background Called on 22 October 1919 under the Amasya Protocol agreement between the Ottoman government and the Turkish National Movement in Ankara, the elections followed the end of World War I and the defeat of the Empire. The disbanding of the Committee of Union and Progress (CUP) led to the creation of several parties previously banned or repressed under the CUP regime, including the reformation of the Freedom and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Amasya Protocol
Amasya Protocol (''Amasya Görüşmeleri'') was a memorandum of understanding signed on 22 October 1919 in Amasya, Turkey between the Ottoman imperial government in Istanbul and the Turkish revolutionaries (the Turkish National Movement) aimed at seeking ways to preserve national independence and unity through joint efforts. It also signified a recognition by the Ottoman government of the rising Turkish revolutionary forces in Anatolia. Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, Rauf Orbay and Bekir Sami Kunduh on the one side, in their title of Delegation of Representatives (''Heyeti Temsiliye'') as attributed by the Sivas Congress, and the Ottoman Minister of Marine (''later grand vizier himself'') Hulusi Salih Pasha, who had come to Amasya to represent the short-lived Ottoman government of Ali Rıza Pasha on the other side, all signed the protocol just after the Sivas Congress in the same city of the Amasya Circular. The protocol agreed that new elections would be held that year for the Cha ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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