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Sino-Indonesian Dual Nationality Treaty
The Agreement on the Issue of Dual Nationality between the Republic of Indonesia and the People's Republic of China ( id, Persetujuan Perjanjian antara Republik Indonesia dan Republik Rakyat Tiongkok Mengenai Soal Dwikewarganegaraan; ), better known as the Sino-Indonesian Dual Nationality Treaty, was a bilateral agreement between the People's Republic of China and the Republic of Indonesia that forced Chinese Indonesians with dual nationality of both countries to choose citizenship of just one. It was signed by Zhou Enlai, Premier and Foreign Minister of China, and Sunario, Foreign Minister of Indonesia, on 22 April 1955 during the Asian–African Conference in Bandung. Following ratification by both parties, the treaty came into force on 20 January 1960 after an exchange of the instruments of ratification in Beijing. Background The last complete census of the Dutch East Indies was held in 1930 and counted 1,233,000 self-identified ethnic Chinese living in the colony. Of this po ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Asian–African Conference
The first large-scale Asian–African or Afro–Asian Conference ( id, Konferensi Asia–Afrika)—also known as the Bandung Conference—was a meeting of Asian and African states, most of which were newly independent, which took place on 18–24 April 1955 in Bandung, West Java, Indonesia. The twenty-nine countries that participated represented a total population of 1.5 billion people, 54% of the world's population. The conference was organized by Indonesia, Burma (Myanmar), India, Ceylon (Sri Lanka), and Pakistan and was coordinated by Ruslan Abdulgani, secretary general of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Indonesia. The conference's stated aims were to promote Afro-Asian economic and cultural cooperation and to oppose colonialism or neocolonialism by any nation. The conference was an important step towards the eventual creation of the Non-Aligned Movement yet the two initiatives ran in parallel during the 1960s, even coming in confrontation with one another ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jus Soli
''Jus soli'' ( , , ; meaning "right of soil"), commonly referred to as birthright citizenship, is the right of anyone born in the territory of a state to nationality or citizenship. ''Jus soli'' was part of the English common law, in contrast to '' jus sanguinis'', which derives from the Roman law that influenced the civil-law systems of mainland Europe. ''Jus soli'' is the predominant rule in the Americas; explanations for this geographical phenomenon include: the establishment of lenient laws by past European colonial powers to entice immigrants from the Old World and displace native populations in the New World, along with the emergence of successful Latin American independence movements that widened the definition and granting of citizenship, as a prerequisite to the abolishment of slavery since the 19th century. Outside the Americas, however, ''jus soli'' is rare. Since the Twenty-seventh Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland was enacted in 2004, no European count ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Second Ali Sastroamidjojo Cabinet
The Second Ali Sastroamidjojo Cabinet was an Indonesian cabinet that served from 26 March 1956 until 14 March 1957. Composition Cabinet Leadership *List of Prime Ministers of Indonesia, Prime Minister: Ali Sastroamidjojo (Indonesian National Party – PNI) *First Deputy Prime Minister: Mohammed Roem (Masyumi Party) *Second Deputy Prime Minister: Idham Chalid (Nahdlatul Ulama - NU) Cabinet Members *Minister of Foreign Affairs: Ruslan Abdulgani (Indonesian National Party – PNI) *Minister of Home Affairs: Soenarjo (Nahdlatul Ulama - NU) *Minister of Defense ''ad interim'': Ali Sastroamidjojo (Indonesian National Party – PNI) *Minister of Justice: Muljatno (Masyumi) *Minister of Information: Soedibjo (Indonesian Islamic Union Party - PSII) *Minister of Finance: Jusuf Wibisono (Masyumi Party) *Minister of Agriculture: Eny Karim (Indonesian National Party – PNI) *Minister of Economic Affairs: Burhanuddin (Nahdlatul Ulama - NU) *Minister of Transport: Suchjar Tedjasukmana (Masyumi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1955 Indonesian Legislative Election
Legislative elections were held in Indonesia on 29 September 1955, to elect the 257 members of the People's Representative Council, the country's national legislature. The elections were the first national election held since the end of the Indonesian National Revolution, and saw over 37 million valid votes cast in over 93 thousand polling locations. The result of the election was inconclusive, as no party was given a clear mandate. The legislature which was elected through the election would eventually be dissolved by President Sukarno in 1959, through Presidential Decree number 150. Background The first elections were originally planned for January 1946, but because the Indonesian National Revolution was still underway, this was not possible. After the war, every cabinet had elections in its program. In February 1951 the Natsir cabinet introduced an election bill, but the cabinet fell before it could be debated. The next cabinet, led by Sukiman did hold some regional ele ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Burhanuddin Harahap Cabinet
The Burhanuddin Harahap was an Indonesian cabinet, named after the Prime Minister, that served from 11 August 1955 until 3 March 1956. Composition Cabinet Leadership *Prime Minister: Burhanuddin Harahap (Masyumi Party) *First Deputy Prime Minister: R. Djanoe Ismadi (PIR-Hazairin) *Second Deputy Prime Minister: Harsono Tjokroaminoto (Indonesian Islamic Union Party - PSII) Cabinet Members *Minister of Foreign Affairs: Ide Anak Agung Gde Agung (Democrat) *Minister of Home Affairs: Soenarjo (Nahdlatul Ulama - NU) *Minister of Defense: Burhanuddin Harahap (Masyumi) *Minister of Justice: Lukman Wiriadinata (Socialist Party of Indonesia - PSI) *Minister of Information: Sjamsuddin Sutan Makmur (PIR-Hazairin) *Minister of Finance: Sumitro Djojohadikusumo *Minister of Agriculture: Mohammad Sardjan (Masyumi) *Minister of Economic Affairs: Ignatius J. Kasimo *Minister of Transport: F. Laoh (PRN) *Minister of Public Works and Power: R. P. Soeroso (Parindra) *Minister of Labor: Iskander T ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
First Ali Sastroamidjojo Cabinet
The First Ali Sastroamidjojo Cabinet was an Indonesian cabinet named after the Prime Minister, and also known as 'Kabinet IV', that served from 1 August 1953 until 24 July 1955. Composition Cabinet Leadership *List of Prime Ministers of Indonesia, Prime Minister: Ali Sastroamidjojo (Indonesian National Party – PNI) *First Deputy Prime Minister: Wongsonegoro (Great Indonesia Unity Party – PIR) *Second Deputy Prime Minister: Zainul Arifin (Nahdlatul Ulama - NU) Cabinet Members *Minister of Foreign Affairs: Sunario (Indonesian National Party – PNI) *Minister of Home Affairs: Hazairin (PIR) *Minister of Defense: Iwa Kusumasumantri (Progressive Faction) *Minister of Justice: Djody Gondokusumo (PRN) *Minister of Information: Ferdinand Lumbantobing, Dr. F. L. Tobing (SKI) *Minister of Finance: Ong Eng Die (Indonesian National Party – PNI) *Minister of Agriculture: Sadjarwo (BTI) *Minister of Economic Affairs: Iskaq Tjokroadisurjo (Indonesian National Party – PNI) *Minister o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ali Sastroamidjojo
Ali Sastroamidjojo ( EYD: Ali Sastroamijoyo; 21 May 1903 – 13 March 1975) was an Indonesian politician and diplomat who served as prime minister of Indonesia from 1953 until 1955 and again from 1956 until 1957. He also served as the Indonesian Permanent Representative to the United Nations from 1957 until 1960, the first Indonesian Ambassador to the United States, the first Indonesian Ambassador to Canada and the first Indonesian Ambassador to Mexico. In addition, he was also appointed chairman of the Asian-African Conference in Bandung, and also was the chairman of the Indonesian National Party (PNI), from 1960 until 1966. Raden Ali Sastroamidjojo was born in Grabag, Central Java, in what was then the Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia), to an aristocratic family of the Magelang Regency belonging to the Indonesian elite. In his youth, he was active in a number of youth organizations, including the Jong Java and the Perhimpoenan Indonesia associations. Because of his act ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ali Sastroamidjojo Visits China
ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib ( ar, عَلِيّ بْن أَبِي طَالِب; 600 – 661 CE) was the last of four Rightly Guided Caliphs to rule Islam (r. 656 – 661) immediately after the death of Muhammad, and he was the first Shia Imam. The issue of his succession caused a major rift between Muslims and divided them into Shia and Sunni groups. Ali was assassinated in the Grand Mosque of Kufa in 661 by the forces of Mu'awiya, who went on to found the Umayyad Caliphate. The Imam Ali Shrine and the city of Najaf were built around Ali's tomb and it is visited yearly by millions of devotees. Ali was a cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad, raised by him from the age of 5, and accepted his claim of divine revelation by age 11, being among the first to do so. Ali played a pivotal role in the early years of Islam while Muhammad was in Mecca and under severe persecution. After Muhammad's relocation to Medina in 622, Ali married his daughter Fatima and, among others, fathered Hasan ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hague Contention On Certain Questions Relating To The Conflict Of Nationality Laws
The Convention on Certain Questions Relating to the Conflict of Nationality Laws was a League of Nations convention adopted during the League of Nations Codification Conference, 1930 in The Hague. It was signed by many states, but ratified by only twenty three. Article 1 The first article states that it is up to every state to set its own nationality laws; however, that that power is limited: : It is for each State to determine under its own law who are its nationals. This law shall be recognised by other States in so far as it is consistent with international conventions, international custom, and the principles of law generally recognised with regard to nationality. However, the Convention recognised that individual national laws without regarding the broader international scope could lead to statelessness In international law, a stateless person is someone who is "not considered as a national by any state under the operation of its law". Some stateless people are also re ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Republic Of China (1912–1949)
The Republic of China (ROC), between 1912 and 1949, was a sovereign state recognised as the official designation of China when it was based on Mainland China, prior to the Retreat of the government of the Republic of China to Taiwan, relocation of Government of the Republic of China, its central government to Taiwan as a result of the Chinese Civil War. At a Population history of China, population of 541 million in 1949, it was the List of countries and dependencies by population, world's most populous country. Covering , it consisted of 35 provinces of China, provinces, 1 Special administrative regions of China#ROC special administrative regions, special administrative region, 2 regions, 12 special municipality (Republic of China), special municipalities, 14 leagues, and 4 special banners. The China, People's Republic of China (PRC), which rules mainland China today, considers ROC as a country that ceased to exist since 1949; thus, the history of ROC before 1949 is often ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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