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Siege Of Trebizond (1222–1223)
The siege of Trebizond in 1222–1223 was an unsuccessful siege of Trebizond, the capital of the namesake empire, by the Sultanate of Rum under a certain Melik. According to the late 14th-century '' Synopsis of Saint Eugenios'' of John Lazaropoulos, the city was close to being captured, but was saved by an unusually severe storm. The Seljuq assaults were repulsed, and their army was annihilated on its retreat through the attacks of the Matzoukaites, fierce mountain tribes under Trebizond's rule, and Melik was captured. Historians of Trebizond have traditionally seen the failure of this siege as leading to the termination of Trebizond's vassal status to the Sultanate of Iconium, which had been in place since 1214. However, more recent scholarship that considers the context of Seljuk Turkish history suggests that this battle should be seen as one episode in a struggle between Trebizond and Iconium over control of Sinope, the northern coast of Anatolia, and access to the Black S ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Trabzon
Trabzon (; Ancient Greek: Tραπεζοῦς (''Trapezous''), Ophitic Pontic Greek: Τραπεζούντα (''Trapezounta''); Georgian: ტრაპიზონი (''Trapizoni'')), historically known as Trebizond in English, is a city on the Black Sea coast of northeastern Turkey and the capital of Trabzon Province. Trabzon, located on the historical Silk Road, became a melting pot of religions, languages and culture for centuries and a trade gateway to Persia in the southeast and the Caucasus to the northeast. The Venetian and Genoese merchants paid visits to Trabzon during the medieval period and sold silk, linen and woolen fabric. Both republics had merchant colonies within the city – Leonkastron and the former "Venetian castle" – that played a role to Trabzon similar to the one Galata played to Constantinople (modern Istanbul). Trabzon formed the basis of several states in its long history and was the capital city of the Empire of Trebizond between 1204 and 1461. Durin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rais
( ar, رئیس), plural , is an Arabic title meaning 'chief' or 'leader'. It comes from the word for head, . The corresponding word for leadership or chieftaincy is . It is often translated as 'president' in Arabic, and as 'boss' in Persian. Swahili speakers may also use it for president. The Ottoman Turkish form of the title is reis, which denoted a captain (a term with identical etymology, being from Latin , 'head'). The term is of pre-Islamic origin. It may function as an honorific ''laqab'' in a person's name. In the central Arab world, the term originally meant village headman. British India In British India the landed nobility in Muslim societies often used the word to describe their aristocratic position held in society. The term was also often used by Muslims when making deed of endowments in their community. Although the word meant 'chief' or 'leader', legal documents used it in the context of 'landlords' or landowners. Other terms such as or ''zamindar'' also appea ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bayburt
Bayburt () is a city in northeast Turkey lying on the Çoruh River and is the provincial capital of Bayburt Province. According to the 2021 census the population is determined as around 82,274. Bayburt was once an important center on the ancient Silk Road. It was visited by Marco Polo and Evliya Çelebi. Remains of its medieval castle still exist. There are several historical mosques, Turkish baths, and tombs in the city. There are also ancient historical sites such as the Çatalçeşme Underground Complex and natural wonders like the Sirakayalar Waterfall in the other parts of the province. Name and etymology The name of the town was formerly written in Ottoman Turkish as بايبورد (''Bayburd'') and in English as Baiburt. It was known under a variety of names during the Byzantine period; Procopius naming the city ''Baiberdon'', meanwhile Kedrenos calling it ''Paiperte''. The name derives from the medieval Armenian ''Baydbert'' ().http://www.vehi.net/istoriya/armenia/khoren ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Zigana '', a genus of spiders with the synonym "Zigana"
{{disambiguation, geo ...
Zigana may refer to : * Zigana Pass ( tr, Zigana Geçidi, link=no), a mountain pass in the Pontic Mountains og northeastern Anatolia, Turkey ** Zigana Tunnel (1988), through the pass ** Zigana Tunnel (2023), through the pass ** 2009 Zigana avalanche * Curiate Italian for Zygana, a former bishopric and present Latin Catholic titular see at Cobuleti in Lazica, now in Georgia * Zigana (pistol), an automatic pistol produced by Turkish firearm manufacturing company TİSAŞ See also * ''Zygaena'', a genus of moths typical for the family Zygaenidae * ''Pronous ''Pronous'' is a genus of South American and African orb-weaver spiders first described by Eugen von Keyserling in 1881. Species it contains sixteen species: *'' Pronous affinis'' Simon, 1901 – Malaysia *'' Pronous beatus'' (O. Pickard-Camb ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Eugenios Of Trebizond
Saint Eugenios ( el, Άγιος Ευγένιος) or Eugene was martyred under Diocletian and a cult devoted to him developed in Trebizond. His feast day is 21 January. Eugenios along with the martyrs Candidus, Valerian and Aquila was persecuted during the reign of Diocletian (284-305) and Maximian (305-311). The four hid in the mountains above Trebizond, but were eventually found and brought before the regimental commander Lycius. They were flogged, tortured with fire and eventually beheaded. Eugenios is credited with the destruction of the image on the "gray hill" overlooking the city, later known as the Mithratis. Legacy The Komnenian rulers of the Empire of Trebizond adopted the saint as the patron of their country. His alleged miracles include assisting Trebizond to repel a siege of the city by the Seljuk Turks in 1224. His image appears frequently on Trapezuntine coins. The cult and pilgrimage around this saint never really developed beyond Trebizond's borders, although Joh ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lazica
Lazica ( ka, ეგრისი, ; lzz, ლაზიკა, ; grc-gre, Λαζική, ; fa, لازستان, ; hy, Եգեր, ) was the Latin name given to the territory of Colchis during the Roman/Byzantine period, from about the 1st century BC. History By the mid-3rd century, Lazica was given partial autonomy within the Roman Empire and developed into kingdom. Throughout much of its existence, it was mainly a Byzantine strategic vassal kingdom that briefly came under Sasanian Persian rule during the Lazic War. The kingdom fell to the Muslim conquest in the 7th century. Lazica in the 8th century successfully repelled the Arab occupation and formed part of the Kingdom of Abkhazia from c. 780, one of the early medieval polities which would converge into the unified kingdom of Georgia in the 11th century. Ecclesiastical history In the early 4th century, the Christian eparchy (eastern bishopric) of Pityus was established in this kingdom, and as in neighboring Iberia Chris ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Soteropolis
Soterioupolis ( el, Σωτηριούπολις; "City of the Saviour") or Soteropolis (Σωτηρόπολις) was a Byzantine fortress in the southeastern Black Sea coast during the 10th–12th centuries. The name has been suggested to apply to two different localities, Pitsunda in Georgia and Borçka in Turkey. Byzantine town According to the mid-10th century ''De administrando imperio'', Soterioupolis was located on the border with Abasgia, while seal finds attest that it was the capital of a border district or '' kleisoura''. The ''Escorial Taktikon'', written in the 970s, mentions a "''strategos'' of Soterioupolis or Bourzo", and the contemporary ''Notitiae Episcopatuum'' record that it was the seat of an autonomous archbishopric. The site's identification has been disputed: Alexander Kazhdan in the ''Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium'' dismisses the suggestions expressed by various authors for an identification with Pitsunda or Sukhumi, and considers Soterioupolis to have be ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Erzurum
Erzurum (; ) is a city in eastern Anatolia, Turkey. It is the largest city and capital of Erzurum Province and is 1,900 meters (6,233 feet) above sea level. Erzurum had a population of 367,250 in 2010. The city uses the double-headed eagle as its coat-of-arms, a motif that has been a common symbol throughout Anatolia since the Bronze Age. Erzurum has winter sports facilities and hosted the 2011 Winter Universiade. Name and etymology The city was originally known in Armenian as Karno K'aghak' ( hy, Կարնոյ քաղաք), meaning city of Karin, to distinguish it from the district of Karin ( Կարին). It is presumed its name was derived from a local tribe called the Karenitis. Darbinian, M. "Erzurum," Armenian Soviet Encyclopedia. Yerevan: Armenian Academy of Sciences, 1978, vol. 4, p. 93. An alternate theory contends that a local princely family, the Kamsarakans, the Armenian off-shoot of the Iranian Kārin Pahlav family, lent its name to the locale that eventually bec ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Iconium
Konya () is a major city in central Turkey, on the southwestern edge of the Central Anatolian Plateau, and is the capital of Konya Province. During antiquity and into Seljuk times it was known as Iconium (), although the Seljuks also called it Darü'l-Mülk, meaning "seat of government". In 19th-century accounts of the city in English its name is usually spelt Konia or Koniah. As of 2021, the population of the Metropolitan Province was 2,277,017, making it the sixth most populous city in Turkey, and second most populous of the Central Anatolia Region, after Ankara . Of this, 1,390,051 lived in the three urban districts of Meram, Selçuklu and Karatay. Konya is served by TCDD high-speed train ( YHT) services from Istanbul and Ankara. The local airport ( Konya Havalimanı, KYA) is served by flights from Istanbul. Etymology of Iconium Konya was known in classical antiquity and during the medieval period as (''Ikónion'') in Greek (with regular Medieval Greek apheresis ''Kón ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gerze, Turkey
Gerze is a town in Sinop Province in the Black Sea Region, Turkey, Black Sea region of Turkey. It is the seat of Gerze District.İlçe Belediyesi Turkey Civil Administration Departments Inventory. Retrieved 22 May 2023. Its population is 19,144 (2022). It is 49 km east of Sinop, Turkey, Sinop and 140 km west of Samsun. It was first settled by the Ionians and was known in antiquity as Carussa, Carusa. In 2012, the region was subjected to protests and controversy around the proposed construction of a coal power plant, a project that was later withdrawn by the government after a negative environmental impact assessment. Region The Çeçe Sultan Tomb, a pilgrimage place, is 15 km from the town. The date of its construction is unknown. The region is noted f ...[...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Karousa
Carussa or Karoussa ( grc, Κάρουσσα), also spelt as Carusa or Karousa (Καροῦσα), also known as Polichnion, was a Greek trading place (emporium) on the Black Sea coast of ancient Paphlagonia, south of Sinope, and 150 stadia from it. It is also mentioned in the '' Periplus of Pseudo-Scylax'' as a Greek city; and by Pliny the Elder. It was a member of the Delian League as it appears in tribute lists of ancient Athens Athens is one of the oldest named cities in the world, having been continuously inhabited for perhaps 5,000 years. Situated in southern Europe, Athens became the leading city of Ancient Greece in the first millennium BC, and its cultural achieve .... It is located near Gerze in Asiatic Turkey. References Populated places in ancient Paphlagonia Former populated places in Turkey History of Sinop Province Members of the Delian League Ancient Greek archaeological sites in Turkey {{Sinop-geo-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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