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Shindo Renmei
was a terrorist organization composed of Japanese immigrants. It was active in the state of São Paulo, Brazil during the 1940s. Refusing to believe the news of Japan's surrender at the end of World War II, some of its most fanatic members used violence against those who did surrender. Shindo Renmei killed at least 23 people, all of whom were Japanese-Brazilians, and wounded 147 others. Background The first Japanese emigrated to Brazil in 1908, hoping to amass wealth and then return to Japan. They found themselves in a foreign country with different languages, religions, climate, food, and customs. As a result, they were relatively isolated from the culture around them, and few learned Portuguese. As a result, the general public regarded them with suspicion. By the 1930s, Brazil had the world's largest Japanese immigrant community. The Estado Novo regime established by Getúlio Vargas, aiming to promote Brazilian nationalism, repressed the Japanese Brazilians, Italian Brazili ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Terrorism
Terrorism, in its broadest sense, is the use of criminal violence to provoke a state of terror or fear, mostly with the intention to achieve political or religious aims. The term is used in this regard primarily to refer to intentional violence during peacetime or in the context of war against non-combatants (mostly civilians and neutral country, neutral military personnel). The terms "terrorist" and "terrorism" originated during the French Revolution of the late 18th century but became widely used internationally and gained worldwide attention in the 1970s during The Troubles, the Troubles in Northern Ireland, the Basque conflict, and the Israeli–Palestinian conflict. The increased use of suicide attacks from the 1980s onwards was typified by the 2001 September 11 attacks in the United States. There are various different definitions of terrorism, with no universal agreement about it. Terrorism is a Loaded language, charged term. It is often used with the connotation of some ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tokkotai
During World War II, , also called ''shimbu-tai'', were specialized units of the Imperial Japanese Navy and Imperial Japanese Army normally used for suicide missions. They included ''kamikaze'' aircraft, ''fukuryu'' frogmen, and several types of suicide boats and submarines. Background Towards the end of the Pacific War, the Japanese were increasingly anticipating an American attack into the country and preparation was made for its defense. This was called Ketsu Go and the operation included the formation of specialized Japanese units. The move was driven by the realization that, in order to defend their homeland, conventional warfare was no longer sufficient. The recruitment of soldiers willing to die in the suicide missions was, therefore, easily carried out. The suicide attack is also an accepted method of fighting and this is largely attributed to Japan's highly militaristic society as demonstrated by the samurai system with its bushido code, which established a legacy ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Companhia Das Letras
Companhia das Letras is the largest publishing house in São Paulo, Brazil. It was founded by Luiz Schwarcz and his wife Lilia Moritz Schwarcz in 1986. Companhia das Letras began as a literary publishing house and gradually grew into 17 independent publishing units with a broad readership of all ages and industries. History According to an interview with The Guardian, Luiz was aware of a lack of quality publishing houses in Brazil after eight years in the publishing industry, and in 1986, recognizing the opportunity, Luiz and his wife established a publishing house that combined literary, commercial and good marketing techniques. Over the next 30 years, Luiz's publishing career went surprisingly well (Caiaty, 2019). Their first book was Edmund Wilson's To the Finland Station, which had never been published in Brazil, even though it had been out for almost 40 years at the time. The book even sold more copies than it did in the United States. As a result, the publisher quickly gaine ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fernando Morais
Fernando Gomes de Morais (born July 22, 1946) is a Brazilian journalist, biographer, politician and writer. He wrote biographies and books on a series of Brazilian historical personalities and events, many of which were adapted into film. Life and career Morais was born in Mariana. He started in journalism when he was 15 years old. In 1961, he was then a courier in a magazine edited by a bank in Belo Horizonte, when he had to cover the absence of their only journalist at a press conference. At age 18 he moved to São Paulo having worked for ''Veja'', ''Jornal da Tarde'', ''Folha de S. Paulo'', ''TV Cultura'' and '' portal IG''. He was awarded the Esso Award three times and the Prêmio Abril four times. His first editorial success was ''A Ilha'', an account of a trip to Cuba. After that, Moraes wrote other biographies and non-fiction books, such as ''Olga'', ''Chatô, o Rei do Brasil'' and ''O Mago.'' In politics Fernando was state deputy for eight years and State Secretary ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Duke University Press
Duke University Press is an academic publisher and university press affiliated with Duke University. It was founded in 1921 by William T. Laprade as The Trinity College Press. (Duke University was initially called Trinity College). In 1926 Duke University Press was formally established. Ernest Seeman became the first director of DUP, followed by Henry Dwyer (1929-1944), W.T. LaPrade (1944-1951), Ashbel Brice (1951-1981), Richard Rowson (1981-1990), Larry Malley (1990-1993), Stanley Fish and Steve Cohn (1994-1998), Steve Cohn (1998-2019). Writer Dean Smith is the current director of the press. It publishes approximately 150 books annually and more than 55 academic journals, as well as five electronic collections. The company publishes primarily in the humanities and social sciences but is also particularly well known for its mathematics journals. The book publishing program includes lists in African studies, African American studies, American studies, anthropology, art and a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jeffrey Lesser
Jeffrey Lesser is a U.S.-based historian of Latin America who is the Samuel Candler Dobbs Professor at Emory University. Prior to that he was the Winship Distinguished Professor of the Humanities. After two terms as the chair of the History Department at Emory University he was named the first faculty director of the Halle Institute for Global Researc He is the author of numerous books on ethnicity, immigration and national identity in Brazil. In 2022 Lesser won Emory University‘s Eleanor Main Graduate Mentor Awarand in 2023 he received the Marion V. Creekmore Award for Internationalizatio Lesser studied at Brown University (BA 1982; MA 1984) and then earned a Ph.D. in Latin American history at New York University (1989) where he studied with the late Warren Dean. He was the Fulbright Chair of the Humanities at Tel Aviv University and also has held visiting professorships at the University of São Paulo and the State University of Campinas. In 2007-08, he served as presiden ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Terrorism In Brazil
Terrorism in Brazil has occurred since at least the 1940s. Terror organizations Shindo Renmei The Shindo Renmei were a Japanese-Brazilian terror organization whose attacks were focused on resistance to the Japanese surrender at the end of World War II; attacks were perpetrated against other Japanese-Brazilians. LESSER, Jeffrey. "Negotiating National Identity: Immigrants, Minorities and the Struggle for Ethnicity in Brazil". Durham: Duke University Press, 1999. Portuguese edition: Negociando a Identidade Nacional: Imigrantes, Minorias e a Luta pela Etnicidade no Brasil (São Paulo: Editora UNESP, 2001. Islamic terror groups According to the Brazilian Federal Police, at least seven Islamic terror groups operate in Brazil: *Al Qaeda * Jihad Media Battalion *Hezbollah *Hamas * Islamic Jihad *Al-Gama'a Al-Islamiyya *Moroccan Islamic Combatant Group These groups operate inside the national territory and most are also known to operate on the border of Paraguay and Argentina with Bra ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Japanese Holdout
Japanese holdouts ( ja, 残留日本兵, translit=Zanryū nipponhei, lit=remaining Japanese soldiers) were soldiers of the Imperial Japanese Army and Imperial Japanese Navy during the Pacific Theatre of World War II who continued fighting World War II after the surrender of Japan in August 1945. Japanese holdouts either doubted the veracity of the formal surrender or were not aware that the war had ended because communications had been cut off by Allied advances. After Japan officially surrendered in August 1945, Japanese holdouts in Southeast Asian countries and Pacific islands that had been part of the Japanese empire continued to fight local police, government forces, and Allied troops stationed to assist the newly formed governments. Many holdouts were discovered in Southeast Asia and the Pacific Islands over the following decades, with the last verified holdout, Private Teruo Nakamura, surrendering on Morotai Island in Indonesia in December 1974. Newspapers throughout East A ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dirty Hearts
is a 2011 Japanese/Brazilian drama-thriller film directed by Vicente Amorim, based on the book of the same name by Fernando Morais. The film was premiered at Festival do Rio on October 13, 2011, and was released in Brazil on August 17, 2012. The film is based upon the true story of Shindo Renmei, a terrorist organization composed of Japanese immigrants in Brazil, at the end of World War II. Plot In 1945, news of the Surrender of Japan was received with wide skepticism by most Japanese immigrants in Brazil, who assumed it be mere Allied propaganda. Those who did accept the truth are seen as traitors, "dirty hearts", who dishonor the emperor; patriotic-turned-terrorist organization Shindo Renmei takes in their own hands the duty of killing said traitors. The movie is told from the point of view of the wife of a Shindo Renmei member, who can't help but witness her husband lose himself in fanaticism and bloodshed. Cast * Tsuyoshi Ihara plays the protagonist Takahashi ( ja, é ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Folha De S
''Folha de S.Paulo'' (sometimes spelled ''Folha de São Paulo''), also known as simply ''Folha'' (, ''Sheet''), is a Brazilian daily newspaper founded in 1921 under the name ''Folha da Noite'' and published in São Paulo by the Folha da Manhã company. The newspaper is the centerpiece for Grupo Folha, a conglomerate that also controls UOL (Universo Online), the leading Internet portal in Brazil; polling institute Datafolha; publishing house Publifolha; book imprint Três Estrelas; printing company Plural; and, in a joint-venture with the Globo group, the business daily ''Valor'', among other enterprises. It has gone through several phases and has targeted different audiences, such as urban middle classes, rural landowners, and the civil society, but political independence has always been one of its editorial cornerstones. Ever since 1986, ''Folha'' has had the biggest circulation among the largest Brazilian newspapers – according to data by IVC (Instituto Verificador de Circ ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Osvaldo Cruz
Osvaldo Cruz is a municipality in the Brazilian state of São Paulo São Paulo (, ; Portuguese for 'Saint Paul') is the most populous city in Brazil, and is the capital of the state of São Paulo, the most populous and wealthiest Brazilian state, located in the country's Southeast Region. Listed by the GaWC a .... The population is 33,000 (2020 est.) in an area of 248 km². The elevation is 485 m. It was founded in 1941 by Max Wirth, a Swiss citizen who immigrated to Brazil searching for new agricultural lands. First named "Nova Califórnia" the small village was created on Guataporanga Farm. References Municipalities in São Paulo (state) {{SaoPauloState-geo-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
