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Serviceability (structure)
{{Expand German, date=January 2025 In civil engineering and structural engineering, serviceability refers to the conditions under which a building is still considered useful. Should these limit states be exceeded, a structure that may still be structurally sound would nevertheless be considered unfit. It refers to conditions other than the building strength that render the buildings unusable. Serviceability limit state design of structures includes factors such as durability, overall stability, fire resistance, deflection, cracking and excessive vibration. For example, a skyscraper could sway severely and cause the occupants to be sick (much like sea-sickness), yet be perfectly sound structurally. This building is in no danger of collapsing, yet since it is obviously no longer fit for human occupation, it is considered to have exceeded its serviceability limit state. Serviceability limit A serviceability limit defines the performance criterion for serviceability and correspo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Civil Engineering
Civil engineering is a regulation and licensure in engineering, professional engineering discipline that deals with the design, construction, and maintenance of the physical and naturally built environment, including public works such as roads, bridges, canals, dams, airports, sewage systems, pipelines, structural element, structural components of buildings, and railways. Civil engineering is traditionally broken into a number of sub-disciplines. It is considered the second-oldest engineering discipline after military engineering, and it is defined to distinguish non-military engineering from military engineering. Civil engineering can take place in the public sector from municipal public works departments through to federal government agencies, and in the private sector from locally based firms to Fortune Global 500, ''Fortune'' Global 500 companies. History Civil engineering as a discipline Civil engineering is the application of physical and scientific principles for solv ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Structural Engineering
Structural engineering is a sub-discipline of civil engineering in which structural engineers are trained to design the 'bones and joints' that create the form and shape of human-made Structure#Load-bearing, structures. Structural engineers also must understand and calculate the structural stability, stability, strength, structural rigidity, rigidity and earthquake-susceptibility of built structures for buildings and nonbuilding structures. The structural designs are integrated with those of other designers such as architects and Building services engineering, building services engineer and often supervise the construction of projects by contractors on site. They can also be involved in the design of machinery, medical equipment, and vehicles where structural integrity affects functioning and safety. See glossary of structural engineering. Structural engineering theory is based upon applied physics, physical laws and empirical knowledge of the structural performance of different ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Limit State Design
Limit State Design (LSD), also known as Load And Resistance Factor Design (LRFD), refers to a design method used in structural engineering. A limit state is a condition of a structure beyond which it no longer fulfills the relevant design criteria.EN 1990:2002 E, Eurocode - Basis of Structural Design, CEN, November 29, 2001 The condition may refer to a degree of Structural load, loading or other actions on the structure, while the criteria refer to structural integrity, fitness for use, durability or other design requirements. A structure designed by LSD is proportioned to sustain all actions likely to occur during its design life, and to remain fit for use, with an appropriate level of Reliability engineering, reliability for each limit state. Building codes based on LSD implicitly define the appropriate levels of reliability by their prescriptions. The method of limit state design, developed in the USSR and based on research led by Professor N.S. Streletski, was introduced in US ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Skyscraper
A skyscraper is a tall continuously habitable building having multiple floors. Most modern sources define skyscrapers as being at least or in height, though there is no universally accepted definition, other than being very tall high-rise buildings. Skyscrapers may host offices, hotels, residential spaces, and retail spaces. One common feature of skyscrapers is having a steel frame that supports curtain walls. These curtain walls either bear on the framework below or are suspended from the framework above, rather than resting on load-bearing walls of conventional construction. Some early skyscrapers have a steel frame that enables the construction of load-bearing walls taller than those made of reinforced concrete. Modern skyscraper walls are not load-bearing, and most skyscrapers are characterized by large surface areas of windows made possible by steel frames and curtain walls. However, skyscrapers can have curtain walls that mimic conventional walls with a small surfa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sea-sickness
Motion sickness occurs due to a difference between actual and expected motion. Symptoms commonly include nausea, vomiting, cold sweat, headache, dizziness, tiredness, loss of appetite, and increased salivation. Complications may rarely include dehydration, electrolyte problems, or a lower esophageal tear. The cause of motion sickness is either real or perceived motion. This may include car travel, air travel, sea travel, space adaptation syndrome, space travel, or reality simulation. Risk factors include pregnancy, migraines, and Ménière's disease. The diagnosis is based on symptoms. Treatment may include behavioral measures or medications. Behavioral measures include keeping the head still and focusing on the horizon. Three types of medications are useful: antimuscarinics such as Hyoscine, scopolamine, H1 antihistamine, H1 antihistamines such as dimenhydrinate, and amphetamines such as dexamphetamine. Side effects, however, may limit the use of medications. A number of medicat ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Serviceability Limit
{{Expand German, date=January 2025 In civil engineering and structural engineering, serviceability refers to the conditions under which a building is still considered useful. Should these limit states be exceeded, a structure that may still be structurally sound would nevertheless be considered unfit. It refers to conditions other than the building strength that render the buildings unusable. Serviceability limit state design of structures includes factors such as durability, overall stability, fire resistance, deflection, cracking and excessive vibration. For example, a skyscraper could sway severely and cause the occupants to be sick (much like sea-sickness), yet be perfectly sound structurally. This building is in no danger of collapsing, yet since it is obviously no longer fit for human occupation, it is considered to have exceeded its serviceability limit state. Serviceability limit A serviceability limit defines the performance criterion for serviceability and correspo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Limit State Design
Limit State Design (LSD), also known as Load And Resistance Factor Design (LRFD), refers to a design method used in structural engineering. A limit state is a condition of a structure beyond which it no longer fulfills the relevant design criteria.EN 1990:2002 E, Eurocode - Basis of Structural Design, CEN, November 29, 2001 The condition may refer to a degree of Structural load, loading or other actions on the structure, while the criteria refer to structural integrity, fitness for use, durability or other design requirements. A structure designed by LSD is proportioned to sustain all actions likely to occur during its design life, and to remain fit for use, with an appropriate level of Reliability engineering, reliability for each limit state. Building codes based on LSD implicitly define the appropriate levels of reliability by their prescriptions. The method of limit state design, developed in the USSR and based on research led by Professor N.S. Streletski, was introduced in US ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Deflection (engineering)
In structural engineering, deflection is the degree to which a part of a long structural element (such as Beam (structure), beam) is deformation (mechanics), deformed laterally (in the direction transverse to its longitudinal axis) under a Structural load, load. It may be quantified in terms of an angle (angular displacement) or a distance (linear displacement (geometry), displacement). A longitudinal deformation (in the direction of the axis) is called ''elongation (mechanics), elongation''. The deflection distance of a member under a load can be calculated by Integral, integrating the function that mathematically describes the slope of the deflected shape of the member under that load. Standard formulas exist for the deflection of common Beam (structure), beam configurations and load cases at discrete locations. Otherwise methods such as virtual work, Direct integration of a beam, direct integration, Castigliano's method, Macaulay's method or the direct stiffness method are use ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Structural Engineering
Structural engineering is a sub-discipline of civil engineering in which structural engineers are trained to design the 'bones and joints' that create the form and shape of human-made Structure#Load-bearing, structures. Structural engineers also must understand and calculate the structural stability, stability, strength, structural rigidity, rigidity and earthquake-susceptibility of built structures for buildings and nonbuilding structures. The structural designs are integrated with those of other designers such as architects and Building services engineering, building services engineer and often supervise the construction of projects by contractors on site. They can also be involved in the design of machinery, medical equipment, and vehicles where structural integrity affects functioning and safety. See glossary of structural engineering. Structural engineering theory is based upon applied physics, physical laws and empirical knowledge of the structural performance of different ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
