Serotonin Pathway

picture info	Serotonin Pathway A serotonin pathway identifies aggregate projections from neurons which synthesize and communicate the monoamine neurotransmitter serotonin. These pathways are relevant to different psychiatric and neurological disorders. Pathways Function Given the wide area that the many serotonergic neurons innervate, these pathways are implicated in many functions, as listed above. The caudal serotonergic nuclei heavily innervate the spinal cord, medulla and cerebellum. In general, manipulation of the caudal nuclei(e.g. pharmacological, lesion, receptor knockout) that results in decreased activity decreases movement, while manipulations to increase activity cause an increase in motor activity. Serotonin is also implicated in sensory processing, as sensory stimulation causes an increase in extracellular serotonin in the neocortex. Serotonin pathways are thought to modulate eating, both the amount as well as the motor processes associated with eating. The serotonergic projections into ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Serotonergic Neurons Serotonergic () or serotoninergic () means "pertaining to or affecting serotonin". Serotonin is a neurotransmitter. A synapse is serotonergic if it uses serotonin as its neurotransmitter. A serotonergic neuron ''produces'' serotonin. A substance is serotonergic if it produces its effects via interactions with the serotonin system, such as by stimulating or blocking neurotransmission. A serotonergic or serotoninergic agent is any chemical that modifies the effects of serotonin in the body. Some different types of serotonergics drugs include the following: * Serotonin receptor agonists and serotonin antagonist, antagonists * Serotonin reuptake inhibitors * Serotonin releasing agents See also References Parasympathetic nervous system Neurochemistry Neurotransmitters Serotonin {{nervous-system-drug-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
picture info	Hypothalamus The hypothalamus () is a part of the brain that contains a number of small nuclei with a variety of functions. One of the most important functions is to link the nervous system to the endocrine system via the pituitary gland. The hypothalamus is located below the thalamus and is part of the limbic system. In the terminology of neuroanatomy, it forms the ventral part of the diencephalon. All vertebrate brains contain a hypothalamus. In humans, it is the size of an almond. The hypothalamus is responsible for regulating certain metabolic processes and other activities of the autonomic nervous system. It synthesizes and secretes certain neurohormones, called releasing hormones or hypothalamic hormones, and these in turn stimulate or inhibit the secretion of hormones from the pituitary gland. The hypothalamus controls body temperature, hunger, important aspects of parenting and maternal attachment behaviours, thirst, fatigue, sleep, and circadian rhythms. Structure T ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
picture info	Medulla Oblongata The medulla oblongata or simply medulla is a long stem-like structure which makes up the lower part of the brainstem. It is anterior and partially inferior to the cerebellum. It is a cone-shaped neuronal mass responsible for autonomic (involuntary) functions, ranging from vomiting to sneezing. The medulla contains the cardiac, respiratory, vomiting and vasomotor centers, and therefore deals with the autonomic functions of breathing, heart rate and blood pressure as well as the sleep–wake cycle. During embryonic development, the medulla oblongata develops from the myelencephalon. The myelencephalon is a secondary vesicle which forms during the maturation of the rhombencephalon, also referred to as the hindbrain. The bulb is an archaic term for the medulla oblongata. In modern clinical usage, the word bulbar (as in bulbar palsy) is retained for terms that relate to the medulla oblongata, particularly in reference to medical conditions. The word bulbar can refer to the nerves ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
picture info	Reticular Formation The reticular formation is a set of interconnected nuclei that are located throughout the brainstem. It is not anatomically well defined, because it includes neurons located in different parts of the brain. The neurons of the reticular formation make up a complex set of networks in the core of the brainstem that extend from the upper part of the midbrain to the lower part of the medulla oblongata. The reticular formation includes ascending pathways to the cerebral cortex, cortex in the ascending reticular activating system (ARAS) and descending pathways to the spinal cord via the reticulospinal tracts. Neurons of the reticular formation, particularly those of the ascending reticular activating system, play a crucial role in maintaining behavioral arousal and consciousness. The overall functions of the reticular formation are modulatory and premotor, involving somatic motor control, cardiovascular control, pain modulation, sleep and consciousness, and habituation. The modulatory ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Nucleus Raphe Pallidus The nucleus raphe pallidus receives afferent connections from the periaqueductal gray, the Paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus, central nucleus of the amygdala, lateral hypothalamic area, and parvocellular reticular nucleus. Also, the nucleus raphe pallidus receives afferents from the medial preoptic area, median preoptic nucleus and lateral paragigantocellular reticular nuclei. The nucleus raphe pallidus has recently been shown to be involved in the activation of a fever as an immunoreaction. It has been implied that the preoptic area is constantly inhibiting the raphe pallidus, especially the rostral portion, with GABA. When the preoptic area receives immune signals from the body, the inhibition stops and the rostral portion of the nucleus raphe pallidus excites the intermediolateral cell column, which induces a fever. The nucleus raphe pallidus has also been known to mediate the tachycardia response, an extremely high heart rate known to be incited by emotional or psych ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Intermediolateral Nucleus The intermediolateral nucleus (IML) is a region of grey matter found in one of the three grey columns of the spinal cord, the lateral grey column. This is Rexed lamina VII. The intermediolateral cell column exists at vertebral levels T1 – L3. It mediates the entire sympathetic innervation of the body, but the nucleus resides in the grey matter of the spinal cord. Rexed Lamina VII contains several well defined nuclei including the nucleus dorsalis (Clarke's column), the intermediolateral nucleus, and the sacral autonomic nucleus. It extends from T1 to L3, and contains the autonomic motor neurons that give rise to the preganglionic fibers of the sympathetic nervous system, (preganglionic sympathetic general visceral efferent General visceral efferent fibers (GVE) or visceral efferents or autonomic efferents, are the efferent nerve fibers of the autonomic nervous system (also known as the ''visceral efferent nervous system'' that provide motor innervation to smooth m ...s). ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Dorsal Nucleus Of Vagus Nerve The dorsal nucleus of vagus nerve (or posterior nucleus of vagus nerve or dorsal vagal nucleus or nucleus dorsalis nervi vagi or nucleus posterior nervi vagi) is a cranial nerve nucleus for the vagus nerve in the medulla that lies ventral to the floor of the fourth ventricle. It mostly serves parasympathetic vagal functions in the gastrointestinal tract, lungs, and other thoracic and abdominal vagal innervations. These functions include, among others, bronchoconstriction and gland secretion. The cell bodies for the preganglionic parasympathetic vagal neurons that innervate the heart reside in the nucleus ambiguus. Additional cell bodies are found in the nucleus ambiguus, which give rise to the branchial efferent motor fibers of the vagus nerve (CN X) terminating in the laryngeal, pharyngeal muscles, and musculus uvulae. Additional images File:Gray694.png, Section of the medulla oblongata at about the middle of the olive. File:Gray696.png, The cranial nerve nuclei schematically ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Trigeminal Motor Nucleus The trigeminal motor nucleus contains motor neurons that innervate muscles of the first branchial arch, namely the muscles of mastication, the tensor tympani, tensor veli palatini, mylohyoid, and anterior belly of the digastric. This nucleus is located in the mid-pons (i.e. in the center of the pons going inferior to superior).Brainstem Nuclei of the Cranial Nerves at wustl.edu Lesion The trigeminal motor nucleus forms the efferent pathway of the jaw jerk reflex The jaw jerk reflex or the masseter reflex is a stretch reflex used to test the status of a patient's trigeminal nerve ( cranial nerve V) and to help distinguish an upper cervical cord com ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Nucleus Raphe Obscurus The nucleus raphe obscurus, despite the implications of its name, has some very specific functions and connections of afferent and efferent nature. The nucleus raphes obscurus projects to the cerebellar lobes VI and VII and to crus II along with the nucleus raphe pontis. The nucleus raphes obscurus has also been implicated in the modulation of the hypoglossal nerve. It has been observed that the ablation of this nucleus causes a change in the firing pattern of this cranial nerve. In addition, the nucleus raphe obscurus mediates expiration Expiration or expiration date may refer to: Expiration Expiration may refer to: Death Exhalation of breath, breathing out Expiration (options), the legal termination of an option to take an action Shelf life, or the time after which a product ... via the effect of serotonin and depresses periodic synaptic potentials. It has also been shown that this nucleus stimulates gastrointestinal motor function; microinjections of 5-HT into the nucl ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Posterior Grey Column The posterior grey column (posterior cornu, dorsal horn, spinal dorsal horn, posterior horn, sensory horn) of the spinal cord is one of the three grey columns of the spinal cord. It receives several types of sensory information from the body, including fine touch, proprioception, and vibration. This information is sent from receptors of the skin, bones, and joints through sensory neurons whose cell bodies lie in the dorsal root ganglion. Anatomy The posterior grey column is subdivided into six layers termed Rexed laminae I-VI Marginal nucleus of spinal cord (lamina I) Substantia gelatinosa of Rolando (lamina II) * Nucleus proprius (laminae III, IV) * Spinal lamina V, the neck of the posterior horn * Spinal lamina VI, the base of the posterior horn. The other four Rexed laminae are located in the other two grey columns in the spinal cord. Additional images File:Gray687.png, Section of the medulla oblongata through the lower part of the decussation of the pyramids See als ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Dorsal Column Nuclei In neuroanatomy, the dorsal column nuclei are a pair of nuclei in the dorsal columns in the brainstem. The name refers collectively to the cuneate nucleus and gracile nucleus, which are present at the bottom of the medulla oblongata. Both nuclei contain second-order neurons of the dorsal column–medial lemniscus pathway, which carries fine touch and proprioceptive information from the body to the brain. Fibres reach the thalamus. Structure Nerve pathways The dorsal column nuclei each have an associated nerve tract in the spinal cord, the gracile fasciculus and the cuneate fasciculus. Both dorsal column nuclei contain synapses from afferent nerve fibers that have travelled in the spinal cord. They then send on second-order neurons of the dorsal column–medial lemniscal pathway. Neurons of the dorsal column nuclei eventually reach the midbrain and the thalamus. They send axons that form the internal arcuate fibers. These cross over at the sensory decussation to form the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Nucleus Raphe Magnus Nucleus ( : nuclei) is a Latin word for the seed inside a fruit. It most often refers to: Atomic nucleus, the very dense central region of an atom Cell nucleus, a central organelle of a eukaryotic cell, containing most of the cell's DNA Nucleus may also refer to: Science, technology, and mathematics Astronomy Active galactic nucleus in astronomy Comet nucleus, the solid, central part of a comet Biology Cell nucleus, a central organelle of a eukaryotic cell, containing most of the cell's DNA Nucleus (neuroanatomy), a cluster of cell bodies of neurons in the central nervous system Nucleus that forms in the eye in nuclear sclerosis (early cataracts) ''Nucleus'', a scientific journal concerned with the cell nucleus; published by Taylor & Francis Nucleus, a small colony of honeybees, induced to raise a new queen by the beekeeper Computer systems Nucleus (operating system), sometimes a synonym for kernel * Nucleus CMS, a weblog system * Nucleus RTOS, a real-time operat ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]

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