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September Arrests Of 1981 (Egypt)
The September Arrests of 1981 or the September Arrests were a series of political arrests conducted by then Egyptian President Anwar al-Sadat starting on 3 September 1981. The arrests aimed at silencing all opposition to the Camp David Accords. Over 1,600 people were arrested and falsely imprisoned, including leaders of the opposition, as well as intellectuals, writers, journalists and religious leaders (both Christian and Muslim); countless others were placed under house arrest. Prelude Opposition to the Camp David Accords Following the 6th of October War, Egypt and Israel began a series of American backed Peace talks at Camp David which culminated in a peace treaty between the two long-feuding countries. The peace treaty, while held by Sadat to be a victory for Egypt, was unpopular both at home and abroad in the Arab world. A diplomatic crisis arose shortly after as many Arab leaders severed ties with Egypt in protest over its "normalization" of relations with Israel. Reacti ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Anwar Sadat
Muhammad Anwar el-Sadat, (25 December 1918 – 6 October 1981) was an Egyptian politician and military officer who served as the third president of Egypt, from 15 October 1970 until his assassination by fundamentalist army officers on 6 October 1981. Sadat was a senior member of the Free Officers who overthrew King Farouk in the Egyptian Revolution of 1952, and a close confidant of President Gamal Abdel Nasser, under whom he served as Vice President twice and whom he succeeded as president in 1970. In 1978, Sadat and Menachem Begin, Prime Minister of Israel, signed a peace treaty in cooperation with United States President Jimmy Carter, for which they were recognized with the Nobel Peace Prize. In his eleven years as president, he changed Egypt's trajectory, departing from many of the political and economic tenets of Nasserism, re-instituting a multi-party system, and launching the Infitah economic policy. As President, he led Egypt in the Yom Kippur War of 1973 to r ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Monastery Of Saint Pishoy
The Monastery of Saint Pishoy (also spelled Bishoy, Pshoi, or Bishoi) in Wadi El Natrun, Beheira Governorate, Egypt, is the most famous monastery of the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria named after Pishoy. It is the easternmost of the four current monasteries of Wadi el Natrun. Foundation and ancient history Pishoy founded this monastery in the fourth century. On December 13, 841 (4 Koiak, 557 AM), Pope Joseph I of Alexandria fulfilled Pishoy's wishes and moved his body as well as that of Paul of Tammah to this monastery, both of which were originally interred at the Monastery of Pishoy in Deir el-Bersha. Today, the two bodies lie in the main church of the monastery. Modern history Today, the Monastery of Saint Pishoy contains the relics of Pishoy, Paul of Tammah, and relics of other saints. Eyewitnesses recount that the body of Pishoy remains incorrupt. Pope Shenouda III of Alexandria is also interred there. The monastery has five churches, the main one being named after ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Metropolitan Bishop
In Christian churches with episcopal polity, the rank of metropolitan bishop, or simply metropolitan (alternative obsolete form: metropolite), pertains to the diocesan bishop or archbishop of a metropolis. Originally, the term referred to the bishop of the chief city of a historical Roman province, whose authority in relation to the other bishops of the province was recognized by the First Council of Nicaea (AD 325). The bishop of the provincial capital, the metropolitan, enjoyed certain rights over other bishops in the province, later called " suffragan bishops". The term ''metropolitan'' may refer in a similar sense to the bishop of the chief episcopal see (the "metropolitan see") of an ecclesiastical province. The head of such a metropolitan see has the rank of archbishop and is therefore called the metropolitan archbishop of the ecclesiastical province. Metropolitan (arch)bishops preside over synods of the bishops of their ecclesiastical province, and canon law and traditio ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Wissa Of El Balyana
Metropolitan Wissa (, ) is the serving Metropolitan bishop, Metropolitan Bishop of the Coptic Orthodox Diocese of El Balyana, in Sohag Governorate, Egypt. His Diocese encompasses the districts of El Balyana (Abydos, Egypt, Abydos), Bardis, Awlad Toukh and the villages under their jurisdictions. Early life He was born as Botros Youssef Takla (), on 16 July 1939 in the city of Tanta, Gharbia Governorate, Gharbiya Governorate, Kingdom of Egypt. He was ordained as a chanter at the age of seven, and elevated to the rank of Reader (liturgy), Reader in 1946 at the hands of Bishop Theophilus of the Monastery of Saint Mary Deipara, Syrian Monastery. After enrolling in Cairo University, he relocated to Greater Cairo, and began serving in Coptic Orthodox Sunday School Movement, Sunday School in Rod El Farag, Rod el Farag. In 1959, Bishop Theophilus elevated him to the rank of Subdeacon. After receiving his Bachelor's of Agricultural Science from Cairo University, in 1962, he sought the mon ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Safinaz Kazem
Safinaz Kazem, also written Safynaz Kazem (Egyptian Arabic: صفيناز كاظم, born 17 August 1937 in Alexandria), is an Egyptian author and literary critic. After obtaining her Bachelor of Arts degree in journalism from Cairo University in 1959, she wrote many articles. Safinaz Kazem began her training as a journalist at ''Akhbar El Yom'' newspaper in November 1955, while still a student at the Faculty of Arts, Cairo University. Later she worked at the magazines ''Akher Saa'' and ''Al-Geel Al-Gadeed'', then she moved to Al-Helal Publishing House as a writer and theatrical critic for the magazines ''Al-Musawar'', ''Al-Helal'', and ''Al-Kawakeb''. Currently, she contributes to the Egyptian ''Almasry Alyoum''. and the Saudi ''Asharq Al-Awsat'' daily newspapers. On 24 August 1972, Safinaz Kazem married the renowned Egyptian vernacular poet Ahmed Fouad Negm and their only daughter, Nawara, was born in October 1973, during the October War. Kazem and Negm divorced in July 1976. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mohamed Hassanein Heikal
Mohamed Hassanein Heikal ( ar, محمد حسنين هيكل; 23 September 1923 – 17 February 2016) was an Egyptian journalist. For 17 years (1957–1974), he was editor-in-chief of the Cairo newspaper ''Al-Ahram'' and was a commentator on Arab affairs for more than 50 years. Heikal articulated the thoughts of President Gamal Abdel Nasser earlier in his career. He worked as a ghostwriter for the Egyptian president Gamal Abdel Nasser and represented the ideology of pan-Arabism. Heikal was a member of the Central Committee of the Arab Socialist Union. He was appointed minister of information in April 1970 but resigned from government in 1974 over differences with Anwar Sadat. In September 2003, upon reaching the age of 80, Heikal wrote an article in the monthly magazine ''Weghat Nazar'' (where he had been writing for some time) that the time had come for an "old warrior" to put down his pen and take to the sidelines. Heikal stressed that his decision to stop writing did not ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hosni Mubarak
Muhammad Hosni El Sayed Mubarak, (; 4 May 1928 – 25 February 2020) was an Egyptian politician and military officer who served as the fourth president of Egypt from 1981 to 2011. Before he entered politics, Mubarak was a career officer in the Egyptian Air Force. He served as its commander from 1972 to 1975 and rose to the rank of air chief marshal in 1973. In 1975, he was appointed vice president by President Anwar Sadat and assumed the presidency after his assassination in 1981. Mubarak's presidency lasted almost thirty years, making him Egypt's longest-serving ruler since Muhammad Ali Pasha, who ruled the country for 43 years from 1805 to 1848. Less than two weeks after the assassination of President Anwar Sadat, Mubarak quickly assumed the presidency in the single-candidate 1981 referendum, and renewed his term through single-candidate referendums in 1987, 1993, and 1999. Under United States pressure, Mubarak held the country's first multi-party election in 2005, w ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Muslim Brotherhood
The Society of the Muslim Brothers ( ar, جماعة الإخوان المسلمين'' ''), better known as the Muslim Brotherhood ( ', is a transnational Sunni Islamist organization founded in Egypt by Islamic scholar and schoolteacher Hassan al-Banna in 1928. Al-Banna's teachings spread far beyond Egypt, influencing today various Islamist movements from charitable organizations to political parties—not all using the same name. Initially, as a Pan-Islamic, religious, and social movement, it preached Islam in Egypt, taught the illiterate, and set up hospitals and business enterprises. It later advanced into the political arena, aiming to end British colonial control of Egypt. The movement's self-stated aim is the establishment of a state ruled by Sharia law–its most famous slogan worldwide being: "Islam is the solution". Charity is a major aspect of its work. The group spread to other Muslim countries but has its largest, or one of its largest, organizations in Egypt despit ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Wadi El Natrun
Wadi El Natrun (Arabic: "Valley of Natron"; Coptic: , "measure of the hearts") is a depression in northern Egypt that is located below sea level and below the Nile River level. The valley contains several alkaline lakes, natron-rich salt deposits, salt marshes and freshwater marshes. In Christian literature it is usually known as Scetis ( in Hellenistic Greek) or Skete (, plural in ecclesiastical Greek). It is one of the three early Christian monastic centers located in the Nitrian Desert of the northwestern Nile Delta. The other two monastic centers are Nitria and Kellia. Scetis, now called Wadi El Natrun, is best known today because its ancient monasteries remain in use, unlike Nitria and Kellia which have only archaeological remains. The desertified valley around Scetis in particular may be called the Desert of Scetis.. Fossil discoveries The area is one of the best known sites containing large numbers of fossils of large pre-historic animals in Egypt, and was known ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Monastery Of Saint Mary Deipara
The Monastery of Saint Mary El-Sourian is a Coptic Orthodox monastery located in Wadi El Natrun in the Nitrian Desert, Beheira Governorate, Egypt. It is located about 500 meters northwest of the Monastery of Saint Pishoy. The monastery is dedicated to the Virgin Mary and carries her name. In scholarly references from the nineteenth century it is generally called the convent or monastery of Saint Mary Deipara. It is better known nowadays as the Syrian Monastery or the monastery of the Syrians (Syriac ''Dayr al-Suryān'') because it was mainly used by monks of the Syriac Orthodox Church from the 8th to the 14th century. Etymology, foundation and ancient history The exact date of the monastery's foundation is unknown. Most sources seem however to agree that its foundation took place in the sixth century AD. The establishment of the monastery is closely connected to the Julianist heresy, which spread in Egypt during the papacy of Pope Timothy III of Alexandria. The Julianists be ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pope Of The Coptic Orthodox Church
The Pope of the Coptic Orthodox Church ( cop, Ⲡⲁⲡⲁ, translit=Papa; ar, البابا, translit=al-Bābā), also known as the Bishop of Alexandria, is the leader of the Coptic Orthodox Church, with ancient Christian roots in Egypt. The current holder of this position is Pope Tawadros II, who was selected as the 118th pope on November 18, 2012. Following the traditions of the church, the pope is chairman and head of the Holy Synod of the Coptic Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria. The Holy Synod is the highest authority in the Church of Alexandria, which has between 12 and 18 million members worldwide, 10 to 14 million of whom are in Egypt. The pope is also the chairman of the church's General Congregation Council. Although historically associated with the city of Alexandria, the residence and Seat of the Coptic Orthodox Pope of Alexandria has been located in Cairo since 1047. The pope is currently established in Saint Mark's Coptic Orthodox Cathedral, insi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Camp David Accords
The Camp David Accords were a pair of political agreements signed by Egyptian President Anwar Sadat and Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin on 17 September 1978, following twelve days of secret negotiations at Camp David, the country retreat of the President of the United States in Maryland.Camp David Accords – Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs The two framework agreements were signed at the and were witnessed by . ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
