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Semnani Languages
The Semnani languages or Komisenian languages are a group of Northwestern Iranian languages, spoken in Semnan province (only 68,700 native speakers in 2019) of Iran that share many linguistic features and structures with Iranian languages. These languages are also called "dialects" in some sources. The Semnani languages are descendants of the extinct Parthian whereas the Caspian languages are descended from the extinct Median. There are six Semnani languages named in the literature. Some may be dialects, but there is little published work on their relationships. * Semnani (incl. one of several dialects termed 'Biyabunaki') * Sangsari * Sorkhei *Aftari Iftar ( ar, translit=Iftar Ramadan, إفطار رمضان), also known as (from , , 'breakfast'), (), is the evening meal with which Muslims end their daily Ramadan fast at sunset. They break their fast at the time of the call to prayer ... * Lasgerdi Cognate setsLecoq, pg. 310. Notes Bibliography *Pierre Lecoq. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Iran
Iran, officially the Islamic Republic of Iran, and also called Persia, is a country located in Western Asia. It is bordered by Iraq and Turkey to the west, by Azerbaijan and Armenia to the northwest, by the Caspian Sea and Turkmenistan to the north, by Afghanistan and Pakistan to the east, and by the Gulf of Oman and the Persian Gulf to the south. It covers an area of , making it the 17th-largest country. Iran has a population of 86 million, making it the 17th-most populous country in the world, and the second-largest in the Middle East. Its largest cities, in descending order, are the capital Tehran, Mashhad, Isfahan, Karaj, Shiraz, and Tabriz. The country is home to one of the world's oldest civilizations, beginning with the formation of the Elamite kingdoms in the fourth millennium BC. It was first unified by the Medes, an ancient Iranian people, in the seventh century BC, and reached its territorial height in the sixth century BC, when Cyrus the Great fo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Indo-Iranian Languages
The Indo-Iranian languages (also Indo-Iranic languages or Aryan languages) constitute the largest and southeasternmost extant branch of the Indo-European languages, Indo-European language family (with over 400 languages), predominantly spoken in the Subregion, geographical subregion of United Nations geoscheme for Asia#Southern_Asia, Southern Asia. They have more than 1.5 billion speakers, stretching from Europe (Romani language, Romani), Mesopotamia (Kurdish languages, Zaza–Gorani languages, Zaza–Gorani and Kurmanji#Dialect continuum, Kurmanji Dialect continuum) and the Caucasus (Ossetian language, Ossetian, Tat language (Caucasus), Tat and Talysh language, Talysh) eastward to Xinjiang (Sarikoli language, Sarikoli) and Assam (Assamese language, Assamese), and south to Sri Lanka (Sinhala language, Sinhala) and the Maldives (Maldivian language, Maldivian), with branches stretching as far out as Oceania and the Caribbean for Fiji Hindi and Caribbean Hindustani respectively. Fur ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Iranian Languages
The Iranian languages or Iranic languages are a branch of the Indo-Iranian languages in the Indo-European language family that are spoken natively by the Iranian peoples, predominantly in the Iranian Plateau. The Iranian languages are grouped in three stages: Old Iranian (until 400 BCE), Middle Iranian (400 BCE–900 CE) and New Iranian (since 900 CE). The two directly-attested Old Iranian languages are Old Persian (from the Achaemenid Empire) and Old Avestan (the language of the Avesta). Of the Middle Iranian languages, the better understood and recorded ones are Middle Persian (from the Sasanian Empire), Parthian (from the Parthian Empire), and Bactrian (from the Kushan and Hephthalite empires). , there were an estimated 150–200 million native speakers of the Iranian languages. '' Ethnologue'' estimates that there are 86 languages in the group, with the largest among them being Persian (Farsi, Dari, and Tajik dialects), Pashto, Kurdish, Luri, and Balochi. Terminol ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Western Iranian Languages
The Western Iranic languages are a branch of the Iranic languages, attested from the time of Old Persian (6th century BC) and Median. Languages The traditional Northwestern branch is a convention for non-Southwestern languages, rather than a genetic group. The languages are as follows:Erik Anonby, Mortaza Taheri-Ardali & Amos Hayes (2019) ''The Atlas of the Languages of Iran (ALI)''. Iranian Studies 52A Working Classification/ref> Old Iranian period * Southwest: Old Persian†, etc. * Northwest: Median†, etc. Middle Iranian period * Southwest: Middle Persian†, etc * Northwest: Parthian†, etc. Modern period (Neo-Iranian) * Northwestern Iranian ** Balochi (incl. Koroshi) ** Caspian *** Gilaki (incl. Rudbari, Taleqani) *** Mazandarani (incl. Tabari, Shahmirzadi) *** Gorgani† ** Semnani *** Semnani *** Sangisari *** Lasgerdi- Sorkhei (incl. Aftari) ** Kurdic (acc. Anonby) *** Kurdish **** Northern Kurdish (Kurmanji) **** Central Kurdish (Sorani) **** Southe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Aftari Language
Sorkhei is a Western Iranian language. It is spoken in village of Sorkheh in Semnan Province in northwestern Iran. Trivia During the Iran-Iraq War, radio operators from Sorkheh used the language as a form of cryptography for tactical communications of the Iranian Armed Forces. During the Iran nuclear negotiations, the language was used in conversations between Iranian President Hassan Rouhani and Hossein Fereydoun Hossein Fereydoun ( fa, حسین فریدون, born in 1957) is an Iranian politician. Fereydoun is brother and aide to the President Hassan Rouhani, described as his “eyes and ears” in the negotiations leading to the Joint Comprehensive Plan ..., his brother and aide traveling with the negotiating team. This was done to eliminate or reduce comprehensibility of the conversation by any potential eavesdroppers. Notes Bibliography * Pierre Lecoq. 1989. "Les dialectes caspiens et les dialectes du nord-ouest de l'Iran," ''Compendium Linguarum Iranicarum''. E ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Biyabunaki Language
Semnani (سمنی زفون, Semani zefön) is one of the local languages of the Semnan Province of Iran. Despite the common misconception that Semnani is a Persian dialect, the language belongs to the Northwestern branch of the Western Iranian languages. Like other Caspian languages, it bears some resemblance to the Old Iranian Median language and was influenced by Parthian in a later process. Phonology Consonants (Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a voiced consonant. Allophones In phonology, an allophone (; from the Greek , , 'other' and , , 'voice, sound') is a set of multiple possible spoken soundsor ''phones''or signs used to pronounce a single phoneme in a particular language. For example, in English, (as in ''s ... are in parentheses.) Grammar Syntax Subjects in Semnani must have gender agreement with the verb in their immediate clause. Notes Bibliography Pierre Lecoq. 1989. "Les dialectes caspiens et les dialectes du nord-oue ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lasgerdi Language
Lasgerdi is one of the local languages of Semnan Province in northwestern Iran Iran, officially the Islamic Republic of Iran, and also called Persia, is a country located in Western Asia. It is bordered by Iraq and Turkey to the west, by Azerbaijan and Armenia to the northwest, by the Caspian Sea and Turkmeni .... Notes Northwestern Iranian languages {{Iran-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sangsari Language
Sangsari or Sangisari is an Iranian language spoken mainly in the Semnan and Tehran provinces of Iran, especially in the Sangesar (Mahdi Shehr) town and in several surrounding villages. Sangsari is included in the Semnani group of Northwestern Iranian languages that also includes Lasgerdi, Semnani, and Sorkhei. There are around 50,000 Sangsari speakers. Glottolog classifies Sangsari under "Komisenian" language family. This designation is also adopted by Wiktionary. Phonology The vowels of Sangsari are /a, a:, e, e:, i, o, ö, u, u:/. The consonants are the same as in Persian Persian may refer to: * People and things from Iran, historically called ''Persia'' in the English language ** Persians, the majority ethnic group in Iran, not to be conflated with the Iranic peoples ** Persian language, an Iranian language of the .... Pronouns Sangseri distinguishes two numbers in pronouns—singular and plural—and marks two cases in the singular—the direct (nominative) and th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Semnani Language
Semnani (سمنی زفون, Semani zefön) is one of the local languages of the Semnan Province of Iran. Despite the common misconception that Semnani is a Persian dialect, the language belongs to the Northwestern branch of the Western Iranian languages. Like other Caspian languages, it bears some resemblance to the Old Iranian Median language and was influenced by Parthian in a later process. Phonology Consonants (Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a voiced consonant. Allophones In phonology, an allophone (; from the Greek , , 'other' and , , 'voice, sound') is a set of multiple possible spoken soundsor ''phones''or signs used to pronounce a single phoneme in a particular language. For example, in English, (as in ''s ... are in parentheses.) Grammar Syntax Subjects in Semnani must have gender agreement with the verb in their immediate clause. Notes Bibliography Pierre Lecoq. 1989. "Les dialectes caspiens et les dialectes du nord-oue ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sorkhei Language
Sorkhei is a Western Iranian language. It is spoken in village of Sorkheh in Semnan Province in northwestern Iran. Trivia During the Iran-Iraq War, radio operators from Sorkheh used the language as a form of cryptography for tactical communications of the Iranian Armed Forces. During the Iran nuclear negotiations, the language was used in conversations between Iranian President Hassan Rouhani and Hossein Fereydoun Hossein Fereydoun ( fa, حسین فریدون, born in 1957) is an Iranian politician. Fereydoun is brother and aide to the President Hassan Rouhani, described as his “eyes and ears” in the negotiations leading to the Joint Comprehensive Plan ..., his brother and aide traveling with the negotiating team. This was done to eliminate or reduce comprehensibility of the conversation by any potential eavesdroppers. Notes Bibliography * Pierre Lecoq. 1989. "Les dialectes caspiens et les dialectes du nord-ouest de l'Iran," ''Compendium Linguarum Iranicarum''. E ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Northwestern Iranian Languages
The Western Iranic languages are a branch of the Iranic languages, attested from the time of Old Persian (6th century BC) and Median language, Median. Languages The traditional Northwestern branch is a convention for non-Southwestern languages, rather than a genetic group. The languages are as follows:Erik Anonby, Mortaza Taheri-Ardali & Amos Hayes (2019) ''The Atlas of the Languages of Iran (ALI)''. Iranian Studies 52A Working Classification/ref> Old Iranian period * Southwest: Old Persian†, etc. * Northwest: Median language, Median†, etc. Middle Iranian period * Southwest: Middle Persian†, etc * Northwest: Parthian language, Parthian†, etc. Modern period (Neo-Iranian) * Northwestern Iranian ** Balochi language, Balochi (incl. Koroshi language, Koroshi) ** Caspian languages, Caspian *** Gilaki language, Gilaki (incl. Rudbari, Taleqani) *** Mazandarani Language, Mazandarani (incl. Tabari, Shahmirzadi) *** Gorgani language, Gorgani† **Semnani languages, Semnan ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
