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Sejm Of The Estates
The Sejm of the Estates ( pl, sejm stanowy) or Estates of Galicia ( pl, stany galicyjskie) were the parliament in the first half of the 19th century Galicia region in Austrian Empire. The body existed from 1775 to 1845. In the history of the Polish parliament, it succeeded the general sejm and local sejmiks on the territories of the Austrian partition. The Estates were disbanded following the Kraków Uprising of 1846. In 1861 they were succeeded by the Sejm of the Land ( pl, sejm krajowy). The estates in question were primarily clergy and szlachta (nobility), with a token townsfolk representation. Peasantry was not represented. History Postulate Sejm Parts of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth Lesser Poland territories were included in the Austrian partition as early as the First Partition of Poland in 1772. In order to reduce dissent, the Austrian Empire in 1775 allowed the Polish nobility ( szlachta) of the newly acquired territories to continue their tradition of ho ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lviv
Lviv ( uk, Львів) is the largest city in western Ukraine, and the seventh-largest in Ukraine, with a population of . It serves as the administrative centre of Lviv Oblast and Lviv Raion, and is one of the main cultural centres of Ukraine. It was named in honour of Leo, the eldest son of Daniel, King of Ruthenia. Lviv emerged as the centre of the historical regions of Red Ruthenia and Galicia in the 14th century, superseding Halych, Chełm, Belz and Przemyśl. It was the capital of the Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia from 1272 to 1349, when it was conquered by King Casimir III the Great of Poland. From 1434, it was the regional capital of the Ruthenian Voivodeship in the Kingdom of Poland. In 1772, after the First Partition of Poland, the city became the capital of the Habsburg Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria. In 1918, for a short time, it was the capital of the West Ukrainian People's Republic. Between the wars, the city was the centre of the Lwów Voivodeship in th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Polish–Austrian War
The Austro-Polish War or Polish-Austrian War was a part of the War of the Fifth Coalition in 1809 (a coalition of the Austrian Empire and the United Kingdom against Napoleon's French Empire and Bavaria). In this war, Polish forces of the Napoleon-allied Duchy of Warsaw and assisted by forces of the Kingdom of Saxony, fought against the Austrian Empire. In June, the Russian Empire joined against Austria. Polish troops withstood the Austrian attack on Warsaw defeating them at Raszyn, then abandoned Warsaw in order to reconquer parts of pre-partition Poland including Kraków and Lwów, forcing the Austrians to abandon Warsaw in futile pursuit. The war The military of the Duchy was weakened as the French corps garrisoning it were sent to Spain in 1808, and only the Duchy's own Polish forces remained in it.''Wojna austriacko-polska'', WIEM Encyklopedia With the start of the War of the Fifth Coalition, Austrian corps under Archduke Ferdinand Karl Joseph of Austria-Este invaded t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Peasant Rebellion
This is a chronological list of conflicts in which peasants played a significant role. Background The history of peasant wars spans over two thousand years. A variety of factors fueled the emergence of the peasant revolt phenomenon, including: *Tax resistance *Social inequality *Religious war * National liberation *Resistance against serfdom *Redistribution of land *External factors such as plague and famine Later peasant revolts such as the Telangana Rebellion were also influenced by agrarian socialist ideologies such as Maoism. The majority of peasant rebellions ended prematurely and were unsuccessful. Peasants suffered from limited funding and lacked the training and organisational capabilities of professional armies. Chronological list The list gives the name, the date, the peasant allies and enemies, and the result of these conflicts following this legend: : : : : See also * Servile Wars * Peasant movement * Popular revolts in late-medieval Europe * Maoism ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Abolition Of Serfdom
The abolition of slavery occurred at different times in different countries. It frequently occurred sequentially in more than one stage – for example, as abolition of the trade in slaves in a specific country, and then as abolition of slavery throughout empires. Each step was usually the result of a separate law or action. This timeline shows abolition laws or actions listed chronologically. It also covers the abolition of serfdom. Although slavery is technically illegal in all countries today, the practice continues in many locations around the world, primarily in Africa, Asia, and Eastern Europe, often with government support. Ancient times During classical antiquity, several prominent societies in Europe and the ancient Near East regulated enslavement for debt and the related but distinct practice of debt bondage (in which a creditor could extract compulsory labor from a debtor in repayment of their debt, but the debtor was not formally enslaved and was not subject to al ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Agenor Romuald Gołuchowski
Count Agenor Romuald Gołuchowski (8 February 1812, Skala-Podilska, Galicia – 3 August 1875, Lwów, Galicia) was a Polish-Austrian conservative politician, member of parliament of Austria, Minister of Interior and governor of Galicia, and father of Agenor Maria Gołuchowski and Adam Gołuchowski. Gołuchowski was a confidant and key advisor to the Emperor Franz Joseph.Paul Robert Magocsi. ''A History of Ukraine.'' Toronto: University of Toronto Press (1996), p. 418 He was the author of the 1860 October Diploma, which ended the era of absolutism in Austrian Empire. George Walter Prothero Sir George Walter Prothero (14 October 1848 – 10 July 1922) was an English historian, writer, and academic who served as president of the Royal Historical Society from 1901 to 1905. Life and writings Prothero was born in Wiltshire to George ... writes that Gołuchowski was instrumental in ensuring "steady support of the monarchy" among the upper classes of Galicia: He was himself a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Wacław Michał Zaleski
Wacław Michał Zaleski (8 September 1799 in Olesko, eastern Galicia – 24 February 1849 in Vienna), pseudonym ''Wacław from Olesko'' ( pl, Wacław z Oleska), was a Polish nobleman, poet, writer, researcher of folklore, theatre critic, political activist, and governor of Galicia (1848). Galician landowner and deputy to the Parliament. His sons were Filip Zaleski - the governor of Galicia and the member of the Austrian House of Lords, and Antoni (1842-1866, writer) and Józef Mieczysław (1838-1899, cavalryman, later commander of the division and field marshal), married to Martyna Grabianszczanka from Ostapkowce. Zaleski collected and published in Lviv ''Pieśni polskie i ruskie ludu galicyjskiego'' (Polish and Russian songs of the Galician Nation; 1833), which contained about 1,500 works, including 160 with piano accompaniment composed by Karol Lipiński. It was the largest collection of folk songs published in Poland before Oskar Kolberg. Zaleski was an author of patriotic so ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Władysław Badeni
Władysław is a Polish given male name, cognate with Vladislav. The feminine form is Władysława, archaic forms are Włodzisław (male) and Włodzisława (female), and Wladislaw is a variation. These names may refer to: Famous people Mononym *Włodzisław, Duke of Lendians (10th century) *Władysław I Herman (ca. 1044–1102), Duke of Poland *Władysław II the Exile (1105–1159), High Duke of Poland and Duke of Silesia *Władysław III Spindleshanks (1161/67–1231), Duke of Poland *Władysław Opolski (1225/1227-1281/1282), Polish duke *Władysław of Salzburg (1237–1270), Polish Roman Catholic archbishop *Władysław I the Elbow-high (1261–1333), King of Poland *Władysław of Oświęcim (c. 1275–1324), Duke of Oświęcim *Władysław of Bytom (c. 1277–c. 1352), Polish noble *Władysław of Legnica (1296–after 1352), Duke of Legnica *Władysław the Hunchback (c. 1303-c. 1352), Polish prince *Władysław the White (c. 1327–1388), Duke of Gniewkowo * Władysław ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Leon Sapieha
Leon Sapieha (1803–1878), sometimes written as Leon Sapiega, was a Galician noble ('' szlachcic'') and statesman. Biography Leon was born and educated in Warsaw, and studied law and economics in Paris and Edinburgh from 1820 to 1824. He began to work in the administration in the Polish (Congress) Kingdom. After the outbreak of the November Uprising in 1830, he left Russian Empire and took part in diplomatic missions of the Polish National Government in France and Great Britain. After that, he returned and participated in the Uprising in the rank of an Artillery Captain, among others in the defence of Warsaw on 6 and 7 September. He was awarded for that the Virtuti Militari Order. After the collapse of the Uprising he settled in Galicia, then part of the Austrian Empire. In 1835 Russian authorities confiscated his estates in Congress Poland as punishment for his participation in the failed Uprising. Leon Sapieha was one of the leaders of the Ruthenian sobor. He was a memb ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ossolineum
Ossoliński National Institute ( pl, Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich, ZNiO), or the Ossolineum is a Polish cultural foundation, publishing house, archival institute and a research centre of national significance founded in 1817 in Lwów (now Lviv). Located in the city of Wrocław since 1947, it is the second largest institution of its kind in Poland after the ancient Jagiellonian Library in Kraków. Its publishing arm is the oldest continuous imprint in Polish since the early 19th century. It bears the name of its founder, Polish nobleman, Count Józef Maksymilian Ossoliński (1748-1826). Although its origin may be traced to the foreign imposed partitions of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in the 18th century, the institute's actual history dates from 1817 in the former Polish city of Lwów, then known as Lemberg, capital of Galicia, a province of Austria-Hungary (now ''Lviv'' in western Ukraine). The institute first opened its doors to the public in 1817. Ossoliński's pu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dress Code
A dress code is a set of rules, often written, with regard to what clothing groups of people must wear. Dress codes are created out of social perceptions and norms, and vary based on purpose, circumstances, and occasions. Different societies and cultures are likely to have different dress codes, Western dress codes being a prominent example. Dress codes are symbolic indications of different social ideas, including social class, cultural identity, attitude towards comfort, tradition, and political or religious affiliations. Dress code also allows individuals to read others' behavior as good, or bad by the way they express themselves with their choice of apparel. History Europe From the seventh through the ninth centuries, the European royalty and nobility used a dress code to differentiate themselves from other people. All classes generally wore the same clothing, although distinctions among the social hierarchy began to become more noticeable through ornamented garments. Com ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Austrian Emperor
The Emperor of Austria (german: Kaiser von Österreich) was the ruler of the Austrian Empire and later the Austro-Hungarian Empire. A hereditary imperial title and office proclaimed in 1804 by Holy Roman Emperor Francis II, a member of the House of Habsburg-Lorraine, and continually held by him and his heirs until Charles I relinquished power in 1918. The emperors retained the title of Archduke of Austria. The wives of the emperors held the title empress, while other members of the family held the titles of archduke or archduchess. Predecessors Members of the House of Austria, the Habsburg dynasty, had been the elected Holy Roman Emperors since 1438 (except for a five-year break from 1740 to 1745) and mostly resided in Vienna. Thus the term "Austrian emperor" may occur in texts dealing with the time before 1804, when no Austrian Empire existed. In these cases the word Austria means the composite monarchy ruled by the dynasty, not the country. A special case was Maria Theresa; ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jacek Jędruch
Jacek Jędruch (Warsaw, Poland, 1927 – Athens, Greece, 1995) was a Polish-American nuclear engineer and historian of Polish representative government. Life During World War II, Jędruch participated in the Polish Resistance movement. After the war, he escaped communist security forces by making his way to the West. He traveled to England and from there emigrated to the United States. He earned degrees from Northwestern University and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and a Ph.D. from Pennsylvania State University. While his vocation was nuclear technology, his avocation was the study of representative governments, the evolution of government policy in relation to public needs, and political developments in Central Europe. This combination of interests prompted him to write a guide to Polish parliamentary history (first edition 1982, second edition 1997). He was at work on the second edition when in March 1995, while traveling in Greece with his wife Ewa, a chemi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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