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Scissors Crisis
The Scissors Crisis is the name for an incident in early 1923 Soviet history during the New Economic Policy (NEP), when there was a widening gap (" price scissors") between industrial and agricultural prices. The term is now used to describe this economic circumstance in many periods of history. Like the blades of a pair of open scissors, the prices of industrial and agricultural goods diverged, reaching a peak in October 1923 where industrial prices were 276 percent of their 1913 levels, while agricultural prices were only 89 percent. The name was coined by Leon Trotsky after the scissors-shaped price/time graph. This meant that peasants' incomes fell, and it became difficult for them to buy manufactured goods. As a result, peasants began to stop selling their produce and revert to subsistence farming, leading to fears of a famine. Causes A similar crisis had occurred in 1916, when for example the price of rye rose by 47% whereas that of a pair of boots rose by 334%. The crisi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Graph Illustrating The Scissors Crisis
Graph may refer to: Mathematics *Graph (discrete mathematics), a structure made of vertices and edges **Graph theory, the study of such graphs and their properties *Graph (topology), a topological space resembling a graph in the sense of discrete mathematics *Graph of a function *Graph of a relation *Graph paper *Chart, a means of representing data (also called a graph) Computing *Graph (abstract data type), an abstract data type representing relations or connections *graph (Unix), Unix command-line utility *Conceptual graph, a model for knowledge representation and reasoning Other uses * HMS ''Graph'', a submarine of the UK Royal Navy See also *Complex network *Graf *Graff (other) *Graph database *Grapheme, in linguistics *Graphemics *Graphic (other) *-graphy (suffix from the Greek for "describe," "write" or "draw") *List of information graphics software *Statistical graphics Statistical graphics, also known as statistical graphical techniques, are graphic ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Workers Group Of The Russian Communist Party
The Workers Group of the Russian Communist Party was formed in 1923 to oppose the excessive power of bureaucrats and managers in the new soviet society and in the Communist Party. Its leading member was Gavril Myasnikov. The Workers Group defended that the Soviet state and public enterprises should be run by soviets elected from the workplace and that the New Economic Policy (NEP) was in danger of becoming a "New Exploitation of the Proletariat" if not controlled by the workers' democracy. Its main activists were arrested in September 1923, and the group's activity was largely suppressed thereafter, although it continued to exist until the 1930s, inside prisons and possibly also underground. History Background In 1920, Gavril Myasnikov, then head of the Communist Party in Perm, in the Ural, began to express discontent with aspects of the evolution of the Soviet state, such as the progressive departure of the party leadership from the base militants, the growing number of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1923 In The Soviet Union
The following lists events that happened during 1923 in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. Incumbents * General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union – Joseph Stalin * Chairman of the Central Executive Committee of the Congress of Soviets – Mikhail Kalinin * Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the Soviet Union – Vladimir Lenin Events April * 17–25 April – 12th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks) June * 16 June – The Yakut Revolt ends with the defeat of the White Army. October * 15 October – The Declaration of 46 is sent. Births * 9 January – Eduard Kolmanovsky, People's Artist of the USSR * 11 August – Maxim Grabovenko, Hero of the Soviet Union * 13 September – Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya, Hero of the Soviet Union * 26 September – Aleksandr Alov, film director * 29 September – Aleksei Fedorovich Filippov, mathematician * 31 October – Ivan Otmakhov, Hero of the Soviet Union * 9 November – Viktor Tur ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Smychka
Smychka (russian: смычка) was a popular political term in Soviet Russia and Soviet Union. It can be roughly translated as "collaboration in society" "union", "alliance", "joining the ranks". The generic meaning of the noun " смычка", derived from the verb "сомкнуть", is joining of two things: contact, joint, linkage, coupling, like joining the two opposite branches of a railroad whose construction was started from both ends. The best known example of the usage of the term was the motto and the Soviet politics of "smychka of the city and the village" ("смычка города и деревни"), which was understood as the alliance of proletariat and the poor peasantry."The Economic Organization of War Communism 1918-1921", by Silvana Malle, 2002, , section 8.1: "Military Emergency and Smychkap. 396/ref> Another example was "smychka of Christianity and social revolution", see "Voskresenie The ''Voskresenie'' (''Resurrection'' or ''Sunday'') was a left-le ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Price Scissors
"Price scissors" refers to an economic phenomenon when for a certain group or sector of productive population, the overall valuation from their production for sale outside this group drops below the valuation of the demand of this group for goods produced outside the group after a period of reasonable equilibrium. A typical example is when changing world price levels cause a country’s exports to plummet in value, while the valuation of its imports remains relatively stable. This phenomenon draws its name from a graphical illustration of its effects over time. Plotting time on a horizontal axis against price level on a vertical axis, with agricultural prices and industrial prices shown in two separate curves, the graph should appear like a pair of opening scissors. Historically, the phenomenon has most frequently taken the form of falling prices for agricultural produce and steady prices for industrial goods. Thus, the price scissors are most devastating to countries that are net ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
People's Commissariat
A People's Commissariat (russian: народный комиссариат; Narkomat) was a structure in the Soviet state (in the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, in other union and autonomous republics, in the Soviet Union) from 1917–1946 which functioned as the central executive body in charge of managing a particular field of state activity or a separate sector of the national economy; analogue of the ministry. As a rule, a People's Commissariat was headed by a People's Commissar (russian: народный комиссар; Narkom), which is part of the government – the Council of People's Commissars of the appropriate level. Commissariats were created as central organs of state administration when Soviet power was established in the republics in the territory of the former Russian Empire. The number of People's Commissariats changed in accordance with the requirements of the current moment; overall it increased due to the separation of existing ones and the forma ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Consumers' Cooperative
A consumers' co-operative is an enterprise owned by consumers and managed democratically and that aims at fulfilling the needs and aspirations of its members. Such co-operatives operate within the market system, independently of the state, as a form of mutual aid, oriented toward service rather than pecuniary profit. Consumers' cooperatives often take the form of retail outlets owned and operated by their consumers, such as food co-ops. However, there are many types of consumers' cooperatives, operating in areas such as health care, insurance, housing, utilities and personal finance (including credit unions). In some countries, consumers' cooperatives are known as cooperative retail societies or retail co-ops, though they should not be confused with retailers' cooperatives, whose members are retailers rather than consumers. Consumers' cooperatives may, in turn, form cooperative federations. These may come in the form of cooperative wholesale societies, through which consumers' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
NEPmen
NEPmen (russian: Нэпманы, translit=Nepmani) were Businessperson, businesspeople in the early Soviet Union, who took advantage of the opportunities for private trade and Small business, small-scale manufacturing provided under the New Economic Policy (NEP, 1921-1928). The Russian famine of 1921–1922, famine of 1921–1922 epitomized the adverse effects of war communism, and to mitigate those effects, Vladimir Lenin instituted the NEP, which encouraged private buying and selling, with people even being encouraged to "enrich yourselves", as one Bolsheviks, Bolshevik leader, Nikolai Bukharin, put it. However, many Bolsheviks saw the policy as "a step backwards". That included Lenin himself, who defended the measure as "taking one step backward to take two steps forward later on". The biggest group of the 3 million or so NEPmen were engaged in handicrafts in the countryside, but those who traded or ran small businesses in the cities faced the most negative attitudes, especiall ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
The Declaration Of 46
The Declaration of 46 was a secret letter sent by a group of 46 leading Soviet communists to the Politburo of the Central Committee of the Soviet Communist Party on 15 October 1923. The declaration followed Leon Trotsky's letter sent to the Politburo on 8 October and expressed similar concerns, thus laying the foundation for the Left Opposition within the Soviet Communist Party later that year. The vast majority of the signatories were executed during the Great Purge. Background Starting in mid-summer 1923, the Soviet economy ran into significant difficulties arising from the scissor crisis. This led to numerous strikes countrywide. Two secret groups within the Communist Party, ''Workers' Truth'' and '' Workers' Group'', were uncovered and suppressed by the Soviet secret police. In September–October 1923, the much anticipated Communist revolution in Germany ended in defeat. On 8 October 1923, Trotsky sent a letter to the Central Committee and the Central Control Commission wh ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Workers' Truth
The Workers' Truth (russian: Рабочая Правда) was a Russian socialist opposition group founded in 1921. They published a newspaper with the same name, ''Workers' Truth'', which first appeared in September 1921. The Workers' Truth considered that the Soviet economy had been transformed into a form of capitalism, with the technical managers and organizers as a new ruling class, together with the private entrepreneurs that emerged with the New Economic Policy (NEP), the Communist Party having become the representative of that ruling class, and no longer of the proletariat. Thus, the Workers' Truth, although continuing to act within the Communist Party, defended the need to create a new workers' party. Its main activists were arrested in September 1923—the group's activity being largely suppressed thereafter—and expelled from the Communist Party in December of the same year. Ideas Their programmatic statement (the "''Appeal/Message to the Revolutionary Proletariat a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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