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Schur Multiplicator
In mathematical group theory, the Schur multiplier or Schur multiplicator is the second homology group H_2(G, \Z) of a group ''G''. It was introduced by in his work on projective representations. Examples and properties The Schur multiplier \operatorname(G) of a finite group ''G'' is a finite abelian group whose exponent divides the order of ''G''. If a Sylow ''p''-subgroup of ''G'' is cyclic for some ''p'', then the order of \operatorname(G) is not divisible by ''p''. In particular, if all Sylow ''p''-subgroups of ''G'' are cyclic, then \operatorname(G) is trivial. For instance, the Schur multiplier of the nonabelian group of order 6 is the trivial group since every Sylow subgroup is cyclic. The Schur multiplier of the elementary abelian group of order 16 is an elementary abelian group of order 64, showing that the multiplier can be strictly larger than the group itself. The Schur multiplier of the quaternion group is trivial, but the Schur multiplier of dihedral 2-groups ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Group Theory
In abstract algebra, group theory studies the algebraic structures known as group (mathematics), groups. The concept of a group is central to abstract algebra: other well-known algebraic structures, such as ring (mathematics), rings, field (mathematics), fields, and vector spaces, can all be seen as groups endowed with additional operation (mathematics), operations and axioms. Groups recur throughout mathematics, and the methods of group theory have influenced many parts of algebra. Linear algebraic groups and Lie groups are two branches of group theory that have experienced advances and have become subject areas in their own right. Various physical systems, such as crystals and the hydrogen atom, and Standard Model, three of the four known fundamental forces in the universe, may be modelled by symmetry groups. Thus group theory and the closely related representation theory have many important applications in physics, chemistry, and materials science. Group theory is also ce ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
General Linear Group
In mathematics, the general linear group of degree ''n'' is the set of invertible matrices, together with the operation of ordinary matrix multiplication. This forms a group, because the product of two invertible matrices is again invertible, and the inverse of an invertible matrix is invertible, with identity matrix as the identity element of the group. The group is so named because the columns (and also the rows) of an invertible matrix are linearly independent, hence the vectors/points they define are in general linear position, and matrices in the general linear group take points in general linear position to points in general linear position. To be more precise, it is necessary to specify what kind of objects may appear in the entries of the matrix. For example, the general linear group over R (the set of real numbers) is the group of invertible matrices of real numbers, and is denoted by GL''n''(R) or . More generally, the general linear group of degree ''n'' over any ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Presentation Of A Group
In mathematics, a presentation is one method of specifying a group. A presentation of a group ''G'' comprises a set ''S'' of generators—so that every element of the group can be written as a product of powers of some of these generators—and a set ''R'' of relations among those generators. We then say ''G'' has presentation :\langle S \mid R\rangle. Informally, ''G'' has the above presentation if it is the "freest group" generated by ''S'' subject only to the relations ''R''. Formally, the group ''G'' is said to have the above presentation if it is isomorphic to the quotient of a free group on ''S'' by the normal subgroup generated by the relations ''R''. As a simple example, the cyclic group of order ''n'' has the presentation :\langle a \mid a^n = 1\rangle, where 1 is the group identity. This may be written equivalently as :\langle a \mid a^n\rangle, thanks to the convention that terms that do not include an equals sign are taken to be equal to the group identity. S ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Direct Product Of Groups
In mathematics, specifically in group theory, the direct product is an operation that takes two groups and and constructs a new group, usually denoted . This operation is the group-theoretic analogue of the Cartesian product of sets and is one of several important notions of direct product in mathematics. In the context of abelian groups, the direct product is sometimes referred to as the direct sum, and is denoted G \oplus H. Direct sums play an important role in the classification of abelian groups: according to the fundamental theorem of finite abelian groups, every finite abelian group can be expressed as the direct sum of cyclic groups. Definition Given groups (with operation ) and (with operation ), the direct product is defined as follows: The resulting algebraic object satisfies the axioms for a group. Specifically: ;Associativity: The binary operation on is associative. ;Identity: The direct product has an identity element, namely , where is the identity e ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Isoclinic
In mathematics, specifically group theory, isoclinism is an equivalence relation on groups which generalizes isomorphism. Isoclinism was introduced by to help classify and understand p-groups, although it is applicable to all groups. Isoclinism also has consequences for the Schur multiplier and the associated aspects of character theory, as described in and . The word "isoclinism" comes from the Greek ισοκλινης meaning equal slope. Some textbooks discussing isoclinism include and and . Definition The isoclinism class of a group ''G'' is determined by the groups ''G''/''Z''(''G'') (the inner automorphism group) and ''G''′ (the commutator subgroup) and the commutator map from ''G''/''Z''(''G'') × ''G''/''Z''(''G'') to ''G''′ (taking ''a'', ''b'' to ''aba−1b−1''). In other words, two groups ''G''1 and ''G''2 are isoclinic if there are isomorphisms from ''G''1/''Z''(''G''1) to ''G''2/''Z''(''G''2) and from ''G''1′ to ''G''2′ commuting ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Universal Covering Space
A covering of a topological space X is a continuous map \pi : E \rightarrow X with special properties. Definition Let X be a topological space. A covering of X is a continuous map : \pi : E \rightarrow X such that there exists a discrete space D and for every x \in X an Neighbourhood (mathematics), open neighborhood U \subset X, such that \pi^(U)= \displaystyle \bigsqcup_ V_d and \pi, _:V_d \rightarrow U is a homeomorphism for every d \in D . Often, the notion of a covering is used for the covering space E as well as for the map \pi : E \rightarrow X. The open sets V_ are called sheets, which are uniquely determined up to a homeomorphism if U is Connected space, connected. For each x \in X the discrete subset \pi^(x) is called the fiber of x. The degree of a covering is the cardinality of the space D. If E is Path connected, path-connected, then the covering \pi : E \rightarrow X is denoted as a path-connected covering. Examples * For every topological space X there exi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Derived Subgroup
In mathematics, more specifically in abstract algebra, the commutator subgroup or derived subgroup of a group is the subgroup generated by all the commutators of the group. The commutator subgroup is important because it is the smallest normal subgroup such that the quotient group of the original group by this subgroup is abelian. In other words, G/N is abelian if and only if N contains the commutator subgroup of G. So in some sense it provides a measure of how far the group is from being abelian; the larger the commutator subgroup is, the "less abelian" the group is. Commutators For elements g and h of a group ''G'', the commutator of g and h is ,h= g^h^gh. The commutator ,h/math> is equal to the identity element ''e'' if and only if gh = hg , that is, if and only if g and h commute. In general, gh = hg ,h/math>. However, the notation is somewhat arbitrary and there is a non-equivalent variant definition for the commutator that has the inverses on the right hand side o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Center (group Theory)
In abstract algebra, the center of a group, , is the set of elements that commute with every element of . It is denoted , from German '' Zentrum,'' meaning ''center''. In set-builder notation, :. The center is a normal subgroup, . As a subgroup, it is always characteristic, but is not necessarily fully characteristic. The quotient group, , is isomorphic to the inner automorphism group, . A group is abelian if and only if . At the other extreme, a group is said to be centerless if is trivial; i.e., consists only of the identity element. The elements of the center are sometimes called central. As a subgroup The center of ''G'' is always a subgroup of . In particular: # contains the identity element of , because it commutes with every element of , by definition: , where is the identity; # If and are in , then so is , by associativity: for each ; i.e., is closed; # If is in , then so is as, for all in , commutes with : . Furthermore, the center of is always ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Subgroup
In group theory, a branch of mathematics, given a group ''G'' under a binary operation ∗, a subset ''H'' of ''G'' is called a subgroup of ''G'' if ''H'' also forms a group under the operation ∗. More precisely, ''H'' is a subgroup of ''G'' if the restriction of ∗ to is a group operation on ''H''. This is often denoted , read as "''H'' is a subgroup of ''G''". The trivial subgroup of any group is the subgroup consisting of just the identity element. A proper subgroup of a group ''G'' is a subgroup ''H'' which is a proper subset of ''G'' (that is, ). This is often represented notationally by , read as "''H'' is a proper subgroup of ''G''". Some authors also exclude the trivial group from being proper (that is, ). If ''H'' is a subgroup of ''G'', then ''G'' is sometimes called an overgroup of ''H''. The same definitions apply more generally when ''G'' is an arbitrary semigroup, but this article will only deal with subgroups of groups. Subgroup tests Suppose th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Central Extension (mathematics)
In mathematics, a group extension is a general means of describing a group in terms of a particular normal subgroup and quotient group. If Q and N are two groups, then G is an extension of Q by N if there is a short exact sequence :1\to N\;\overset\;G\;\overset\;Q \to 1. If G is an extension of Q by N, then G is a group, \iota(N) is a normal subgroup of G and the quotient group G/\iota(N) is isomorphic to the group Q. Group extensions arise in the context of the extension problem, where the groups Q and N are known and the properties of G are to be determined. Note that the phrasing "G is an extension of N by Q" is also used by some. Since any finite group G possesses a maximal normal subgroup N with simple factor group G/N, all finite groups may be constructed as a series of extensions with finite simple groups. This fact was a motivation for completing the classification of finite simple groups. An extension is called a central extension if the subgroup N lies in the cente ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Isoclinism
In mathematics, specifically group theory, isoclinism is an equivalence relation on groups which generalizes isomorphism. Isoclinism was introduced by to help classify and understand p-groups, although it is applicable to all groups. Isoclinism also has consequences for the Schur multiplier and the associated aspects of character theory, as described in and . The word "isoclinism" comes from the Greek ισοκλινης meaning equal slope. Some textbooks discussing isoclinism include and and . Definition The isoclinism class of a group ''G'' is determined by the groups ''G''/''Z''(''G'') (the inner automorphism group) and ''G''′ (the commutator subgroup) and the commutator map from ''G''/''Z''(''G'') × ''G''/''Z''(''G'') to ''G''′ (taking ''a'', ''b'' to ''aba−1b−1''). In other words, two groups ''G''1 and ''G''2 are isoclinic if there are isomorphisms from ''G''1/''Z''(''G''1) to ''G''2/''Z''(''G''2) and from ''G''1′ to ''G''2′ commuting ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Perfect Group
In mathematics, more specifically in group theory, a group is said to be perfect if it equals its own commutator subgroup, or equivalently, if the group has no non-trivial abelian quotients (equivalently, its abelianization, which is the universal abelian quotient, is trivial). In symbols, a perfect group is one such that ''G''(1) = ''G'' (the commutator subgroup equals the group), or equivalently one such that ''G''ab = (its abelianization is trivial). Examples The smallest (non-trivial) perfect group is the alternating group ''A''5. More generally, any non-abelian simple group is perfect since the commutator subgroup is a normal subgroup with abelian quotient. Conversely, a perfect group need not be simple; for example, the special linear group over the field with 5 elements, SL(2,5) (or the binary icosahedral group, which is isomorphic to it) is perfect but not simple (it has a non-trivial center containing \left(\begin-1 & 0 \\ 0 & -1\end\right) = \left(\begin4 & 0 \\ 0 & ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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