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Scheme (linguistics)
In linguistics, scheme is a type of figure of speech that relies on the structure of the sentence, unlike the trope, which plays with the meanings of words. (Scheme, in poetry end rhetorics) A single phrase may involve both a trope and a scheme, e.g., may use both alliteration and allegory. Structures of balance * Parallelism – The use of similar structures in two or more clauses **Isocolon – Use of parallel structures of the same length in successive clauses **Tricolon – Use of three parallel structures of the same length in independent clauses and of increasing power *Antithesis – The juxtaposition of opposing or contrasting ideas *Climax – The arrangement of words in order of increasing importance Changes in word order *Anastrophe – Inversion of the usual word order * Parenthesis – Insertion of a clause or sentence in a place where it interrupts the natural flow of the sentence *Apposition – The placing of two elements side by side, in which the second def ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Figure Of Speech
A figure of speech or rhetorical figure is a word or phrase that intentionally deviates from ordinary language use in order to produce a rhetorical effect. Figures of speech are traditionally classified into '' schemes,'' which vary the ordinary sequence of words, and '' tropes,'' where words carry a meaning other than what they ordinarily signify. An example of a scheme is a polysyndeton: the repetition of a conjunction before every element in a list, whereas the conjunction typically would appear only before the last element, as in "Lions and tigers and bears, oh my!"—emphasizing the danger and number of animals more than the prosaic wording with only the second "and". An example of a trope is the metaphor, describing one thing as something that it clearly is not in order to lead the mind to compare them, in "All the world's a stage." Four rhetorical operations Classical rhetoricians classified figures of speech into four categories or :Jansen, Jeroen (2008) Imitatio'' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Anadiplosis
Anadiplosis ( ; el, ἀναδίπλωσις, ''anadíplōsis'', "a doubling, folding up") is the repetition of the last word of a preceding clause. The word is used at the end of a sentence and then used again at the beginning of the next sentence. Examples *Noust in the grass / grass in the wind / wind on the lark / lark for the sun / Sun through the sea / sea in the heart / heart in its noust / nothing is lost —John Glenday, Noust * "Fear leads to anger. Anger leads to hate. Hate leads to suffering." —Yoda * "For Lycidas is dead, dead ere his prime, Young Lycidas and hath not left his peer." —John Milton, ''Lycidas'' *"Queeg: 'Aboard my ship, excellent performance is standard. Standard performance is sub-standard. Sub-standard performance is not permitted to exist. —Herman Wouk, ''The Caine Mutiny''. *"Mine be thy love, and thy love's use their treasure." —Shakespeare, ''Sonnet 20''. *"Having power makes otalitarian leadershipisolated; isolation breed ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Glossary Of Rhetorical Terms
Owing to its origin in ancient Greece and Rome, English rhetorical theory frequently employs Greek and Latin words as terms of art. This page explains commonly used rhetorical terms in alphabetical order. The brief definitions here are intended to serve as a quick reference rather than an in-depth discussion. For more information, click the terms. A *''Absurdity.'' The exaggeration of a point beyond belief. *''Accumulatio.'' The emphasis or summary of previously made points or inferences by excessive praise or accusation. *'' Acutezza.'' Wit or wordplay used in rhetoric. *'' Ad hominem.'' Rebutting an argument by attacking the character, motive, or other attribute of the person making it rather than the substance of the argument itself. *'' Adianoeta.'' A phrase carrying two meanings: an obvious meaning and a second, more subtle and ingenious one. *'' Adjunction.'' When a verb is placed at the beginning or the end of a sentence instead of in the middle. For example (from ''Rhetoric ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
The Elements Of Eloquence
''The Elements of Eloquence: How to Turn the Perfect English Phrase'' is a non-fiction book by Mark Forsyth published in 2013. The book explains classical rhetoric, dedicating each chapter to a rhetorical figure with examples of its use, particularly in the works of William Shakespeare. Forsyth argues the power of Shakespeare's language was a result of studying formal rhetoric, and highlights their use through Shakespeare's development. Chapters 1: Alliteration Repeating the sound of the first consonant in a series of words. An example of its deliberate overuse given by Forsyth is: 2: Polyptoton Forsyth defines this as the "use of one word as different parts of speech or in different grammatical forms". The term applies wherever words derived from the same root (e.g. wretched and wretchedness) are used. Other sources use the related term antanaclasis when the same word is repeated in a different sense. 3: Antithesis The use of opposites for contrasting effect. The example q ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Trope (linguistics)
A literary trope is the use of figurative language, via word, phrase or an image, for artistic effect such as using a figure of speech. Keith and Lundburg describe a trope as, "a substitution of a word or phrase by a less literal word or phrase." The word ''trope'' has also come to be used for describing commonly recurring or overused literary and rhetorical devices, motifs or clichés in creative works. Literary tropes span almost every category of writing, such as poetry, film, plays, and video games. Origins The term ''trope'' derives from the Greek (''tropos''), "turn, direction, way", derived from the verb τρέπειν (''trepein''), "to turn, to direct, to alter, to change". Tropes and their classification were an important field in classical rhetoric. The study of tropes has been taken up again in modern criticism, especially in deconstruction. Tropological criticism (not to be confused with tropological reading, a type of biblical exegesis) is the historical study of tr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Symploce
In rhetoric, symploce is a figure of speech in which a word or phrase is used successively at the beginning of two or more clauses or sentences and another word or phrase with a similar wording is used successively at the end of them. It is the combination of anaphora and epistrophe. It derives from the Greek word, meaning "interweaving". Examples *"When there is talk of hatred, let us stand up and talk against it. When there is talk of violence, let us stand up and talk against it." — US President Bill Clinton *"Let England have its navigation and fleet—let Scotland have its navigation and fleet—let Wales have its navigation and fleet—let Ireland have its navigation and fleet—let those four of the constituent parts of the British empire be under four independent governments, and it is easy to perceive how soon they would each dwindle into comparative insignificance." — ''The Federalist ''The Federalist Papers'' is a collection of 85 articles and essays written ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Polysyndeton
Polysyndeton (from Ancient Greek πολύ ''poly'', meaning "many", and συνδετόν '' syndeton'', meaning "bound together with".) is the deliberate insertion of conjunctions into a sentence for the purpose of "slow ngup the rhythm of the prose" so as to produce "an impressively solemn note." In grammar, a polysyndetic coordination is a coordination in which all conjuncts are linked by coordinating conjunctions (usually ''and'', ''but'', ''or'', ''nor'' in English). Examples A passage from the Book of Genesis ( 1:24–25) exemplifies the stately effect of polysyndeton: Author Ernest Hemingway employs the conjunction "and" to convey "a flow and continuity of experience" in a passage from his short story " After the Storm": The poet John Keats used conjunctions in a verse from "Endymion": In the King James Bible Polysyndeton is used extensively in the King James Version of the Bible, where ''and'' is used as a literal translation of the Hebrew waw-consecutive and t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Polyptoton
Polyptoton is the stylistic scheme in which words derived from the same root are repeated (such as "strong" and "strength"). A related stylistic device is antanaclasis, in which the same word is repeated, but each time with a different sense. Another related term is figura etymologica. Other definition In inflected languages polyptoton is the same word being repeated but appearing each time in a different case. (for example, Iuppiter" (the god Jupiter), respectively]). Genesis The form is relatively common in Latin Christian poetry and prose in a construction called the superlative genitive, in phrases such as sanctum sanctorum ("holy of holies"), and found its way into languages such as Old English Old English (, ), or Anglo-Saxon, is the earliest recorded form of the English language, spoken in England and southern and eastern Scotland in the early Middle Ages. It was brought to Great Britain by Anglo-Saxon settlers in the mid-5th c ..., which naturally preferr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Literary Consonance
Consonance is a stylistic literary device identified by the repetition of identical or similar consonants in neighboring words whose vowel sounds are different (e.g. coming home, hot foot). Consonance may be regarded as the counterpart to the vowel-sound repetition known as assonance. Alliteration is a special case of consonance where the repeated consonant sound is at the stressed syllable, as in "few flocked to the fight" or "around the rugged rock the ragged rascal ran". Alliteration is usually distinguished from other types of consonance in poetic analysis, and has different uses and effects. Another special case of consonance is sibilance, the use of several |
Epistrophe
Epistrophe ( el, ἐπιστροφή, "return") is the repetition of the same word or words at the end of successive phrases, clauses or sentences. It is also known as epiphora and occasionally as antistrophe. It is a figure of speech and the counterpart of Anaphora (rhetoric), anaphora. It is an extremely emphatic device because of the Stress (linguistics), emphasis placed on the last word in a phrase or sentence. Platonic epistrophe Greek epistrophe: "a word coined by Plato as a goal of philosophical education and the term adopted by early Christians for conversion". Examples * "Where affections bear rule, their reason is subdued, honesty is subdued, good will is subdued, and all things else that withstand evil, for ever are subdued." ''— Thomas Wilson'' * "... this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom—and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth." ''— Abraham Lincoln in the Gettysburg Addr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Epanalepsis
Epanalepsis (from the Greek , ''epanálēpsis'' "repetition, resumption, taking up again") is the repetition of the initial part of a clause or sentence at the end of that same clause or sentence. The beginning and the end of a sentence are two positions of emphasis, so special attention is placed on the phrase by repeating it in both places. Nested double-epanalepses are antimetaboles. Examples * The king is dead; long live the king! * History is ours and people make history. — Salvador Allende * They bowed down to him rather, because he was all of these things, and then again he was all of these things because the town bowed down. —Zora Neale Hurston, ''Their Eyes Were Watching God'' * Beloved is mine; she is Beloved. — Toni Morrison, ''Beloved'' * Blow winds and crack your cheeks! Rage, blow! — Shakespeare, ''King Lear'', 3.2.1 * Once more unto the breach, dear friends, once more; — Shakespeare, ''Henry V'', 3.1.1 * Last things first; the slow haul to forgive them ... ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chiasmus
In rhetoric, chiasmus ( ) or, less commonly, chiasm (Latin term from Greek , "crossing", from the Greek , , "to shape like the letter Χ"), is a "reversal of grammatical structures in successive phrases or clauses – but no repetition of words". A similar device, antimetabole, also involves a reversal of grammatical structures in successive phrases or clauses in an A-B-B-A configuration, but unlike chiasmus, presents a repetition of words. Examples Chiasmus balances words or phrases with similar, though not identical, meanings: "Dotes" and "strongly loves" share the same meaning and bracket, as do "doubts" and "suspects". Additional examples of chiasmus: For comparison, the following is considered antimetabole, in which the reversal in structure involves the same words: Both chiasmus and antimetabole can be used to reinforce antithesis. In chiasmus, the clauses display inverted parallelism. Chiasmus was particularly popular in the literature of the ancient worl ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
