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Samar Mubarak Mand
Dr. Samar Mubarakmand (Urdu: ; b. 17 September 1942; ), is a Pakistani people, Pakistani nuclear physicist known for his research in gamma spectroscopy and experimental development of the linear accelerator. He came to public attention as the director of the test teams responsible for the performing the Pakistan's first atomic tests (see ''Chagai-I'' and ''Chagai-II'') at the Ras Koh Hills, located in Balochistan (Pakistan), Balochistan Province, Pakistan. Prior to that, he was the project director of the Pakistani missile research and development program and supervised development of the Shaheen-I ballistic missile, and the Babur cruise missile programs. Mubarakmand was the founding chairman of the National Engineering and Scientific Commission (Nescom) from 2001 until 2007. He was subsequently appointed by the Government of Pakistan to assist the Thar coalfield, Thar coalfield project. He is Voluntarily Heading the Mineral Exploration work in district Chiniot as Chairman Board ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rawalpindi
Rawalpindi ( or ; Urdu, ) is a city in the Punjab province of Pakistan. It is the fourth largest city in Pakistan after Karachi, Lahore and Faisalabad, and third largest in Punjab after Lahore and Faisalabad. Rawalpindi is next to Pakistan's capital Islamabad, and the two are jointly known as the "twin cities" because of the social and economic links between them. Rawalpindi is on the Pothohar Plateau, known for its ancient Hindu and Buddhist heritage, especially in the neighbouring town of Taxila, a UNESCO World Heritage Site. In 1765, the ruling Gakhars were defeated and the city came under Sikh rule, becoming an important city within the Sikh Empire based at Lahore. The city's ''Babu Mohallah'' neighbourhood was once home to a community of Jewish traders that had fled Mashhad, Persia, in the 1830s. The city was conquered by the British Raj in 1849, and in the late 19th century became the largest garrison town of the British Indian Army's Northern command as its climate ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pakistani People
Pakistanis ( ur, , translit=Pākistānī Qaum, ) are the citizens and nationals of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan. According to the 2017 Pakistani national census, the population of Pakistan stood at over 213 million people, making it the world's fifth-most populous country. The majority of Pakistanis natively speak languages belonging to the Indo-Iranic family ( Indo-Aryan and Iranic subfamilies). Located in South Asia, the country is also the source of a significantly large diaspora, most of whom reside in the Arab countries of the Persian Gulf, with an estimated population of 4.7 million. The second-largest Pakistani diaspora resides throughout both Northwestern Europe and Western Europe, where there are an estimated 2.4 million; over half of this figure reside in the United Kingdom (see British Pakistanis). Ethnic subgroups Having one of the fastest-growing populations in the world, Pakistan's people belong to various ethnic groups, with the overwhelming majority ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Government Of Pakistan
The Government of Pakistan ( ur, , translit=hakúmat-e pákistán) abbreviated as GoP, is a federal government established by the Constitution of Pakistan as a constituted governing authority of the Administrative units of Pakistan, four provinces, two autonomous territories, and one federal territory of a Parliamentary democracy, parliamentary democratic Parliamentary republic, republic, constitutionally called the Pakistan, Islamic Republic of Pakistan. Effecting the Westminster system for governing the state, the government is mainly composed of the Executive branch, executive, Legislative branch, legislative, and Judicial branch, judicial branches, in which all powers are vested by the Constitution of Pakistan, Constitution in the Parliament of Pakistan, Parliament, the Prime Minister of Pakistan, Prime Minister and the Supreme Court of Pakistan, Supreme Court. The powers and duties of these branches are further defined by acts and amendments of the Parliament, including the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
National Engineering And Scientific Commission
The National Engineering & Scientific Commission (NESCOM) ( ur, ) is a Pakistani missile manufacturer and civilian research organization of Pakistan, under the administrative control of the Strategic Plans Division of Pakistan's National Command Authority and is headquartered in Islamabad, Pakistan. In 2007, it was reported that NESCOM had exported military equipment worth approximately $40 million annually to various countries in the Middle East, South East Asia, and Africa. According to then-Chairman Samar Mubarakmand, NESCOM had developed various communication systems and electronic counter-measures systems for the Pakistan Air Force and Pakistan Navy. History National Engineering & Scientific Commission (NESCOM) was formed in 2000 by amalgamating the National Development Complex, Air Weapons Complex, Maritime Technologies Complex and the Project Management Organization. In the early 2000s, NESCOM rapidly achieved several firsts. Among them, was the development of the Shah ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Babur Cruise Missile
Babur (Urdu: بابر; named after the first Mughal Emperor Zahir-ud-Din Babur), military designated: Hatf-VII, ''Translit'': ''Target–7'', is a Pakistani medium range turbojet powered subsonic cruise missile that can be launched from land or underwater seaborne platforms. The missile was first tested in 2005 and is widely believed to have entered service with the Pakistan Army in 2010, and the Pakistan Navy in 2018. Development history Pakistan claims to have developed the Babur in response to alleged reports that India was planning to acquire Patriot missiles from the US, in order to set up a ballistic missile defense system to counter Pakistan's arsenal of ballistic missiles. Babur is the first cruise missile to be developed and designed by Pakistan. Origins Babur has been at the center of speculation regarding its origins and development. While, some analysts have pointed out similarities of the missile with Chinese and American designs, namely the DH-10 and Tomahaw ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Shaheen-I
The Shaheen-I ( ur, شاہين-ا; official codename: Hatf–IV Shaheen), is a Pakistani land-based supersonic and short-to-medium range surface-to-surface guided ballistic missile jointly designed and developed by the joint venture of NESCOM and the National Defence Complex (NDC). It is dedicated and named after a species of Falcon found in the mountains of Pakistan. The ''Shaheen I'' is also designated Hatf IV. Description Codename The JS HQ officially adopted the codename of the missile as "Hatf–IV. It has been reported that it was Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif who suggested the name "Shaheen" by taking a cue from philosopher Iqbal's poetic symbol Shaheen ''Falcon''. After being test fired in 1999, JS HQ officially codenamed the missile as "Hatf–IV Shaheen. Though its variants are now known as Shaheen-I and Shaheen-IA. Shaheen 1 Shaheen I is a short-range ballistic missile (SRBM) with an optimal range of 750 km and propelled by a two-stage solid-fuel rocket mo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pakistani Missile Research And Development Program
The missile research and development program ( ur, ) was the Pakistan Ministry of Defence secretive program for the comprehensive research and the development of guided missiles. Initiatives began in 1988 Benazir Bhutto Government in a direct response to equivalent program existed in India and was managed under the scrutiny of the Ministry of Defence in close coordination with the other related institutions. The program focused towards developing the short to medium range missiles with a computer guidance system. The project started in 1988 and has since spawned several strategic missile systems capable of carrying both conventional and nonconventional payloads. In its early stage, the Hatf missiles were made feasible as well as developing the Ghauri missile program. Further development led to the introduction of ballistics and cruise missiles by different scientific organizations in the 2000s. Program overview Planning and initiatives for the program began in 198 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Balochistan (Pakistan)
Balochistan (; bal, بلۏچستان; ) is one of the four provinces of Pakistan. Located in the southwestern region of the country, Balochistan is the largest province of Pakistan by land area but is the least populated one. It shares land borders with the Pakistani provinces of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Punjab to the north-east and Sindh to the south-east. It shares International borders with Iran to the west and Afghanistan to the north; It is also bound by the Arabian Sea to the south. Balochistan is an extensive plateau of rough terrain divided into basins by ranges of sufficient heights and ruggedness. It has the world's largest deep sea port, The Port of Gwadar lying in the Arabian Sea. Balochistan shares borders with Punjab and the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa to the northeast, Sindh to the east and southeast, the Arabian Sea to the south, Iran ( Sistan and Baluchestan) to the west and Afghanistan (Helmand, Nimruz, Kandahar, Paktika and Zabul Provinces) to the north and northwe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ras Koh Hills
The Ras Koh Hills is a range of granite hills forming a southwestern part of the Sulaiman Mountain Range, in the Chagai and Kharan districts of Pakistan's Balochistan province. The word "Ras" means "gateway" and the word "Koh" means "mountain" in Balochi. Ras Koh, therefore, means "Gateway to the Mountains." Pakistan's first nuclear tests were carried out in the Ras Koh Hills on 28 May 1998. Location The Ras Koh Hills are situated in the Chagai and Kharan districts of Pakistan's Balochistan province and lie to the south of the Chagai Hills, with the higher Sulaiman Mountains to the northeast and the lower Kirthar Mountains to the southeast. Topography Plateaus and basins predominate the Ras Koh Hills with an average elevation of 600 metres, but in areas, the hills can reach elevations up to 3,000 metres. The Ras Koh Hills are composed of granite, are carved out by innumerable channels, but the arid climate restricts rain and for the most part leaves these channels dry. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chagai-II
Chagai-II is the codename assigned to the second atomic test conducted by Pakistan, carried out on 30 May 1998 in the Kharan Desert in Balochistan Province of Pakistan. ''Chagai-II'' took place two days after Pakistan's first successful test, ''Chagai-I'', which was carried out on 28 May 1998 in the Ras Koh Hills, Ras Koh area in Chagai District, Balochistan, Pakistan. The initial goals were to test the new designs of the weapon rather than studying the effects, and were different from the first tests in that they were primarily conducted by the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC), with the Pakistan Armed Forces Military engineering, engineering formations having only a supporting role. The tests detonated Implosion-type nuclear weapon, implosion-type Boosted fission weapon, boosted-fission Weapon-grade#plutonium, military-grade plutonium devices, contrary to the Chagai-I tests that were weapons-grade uranium devices. The performance of these tests made it a total of six t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chagai-I
Chagai-I is the code name of five simultaneous underground nuclear tests conducted by Pakistan at 15:15 hrs PKT on 28 May 1998. The tests were performed at Ras Koh Hills in the Chagai District of Balochistan Province. Chagai-I was Pakistan's first public test of nuclear weapons. Its timing was a direct response to India's second nuclear test Pokhran-II, on 11 and 13 May 1998. These tests by Pakistan and India resulted in United Nations Security Council Resolution 1172 and economic sanctions on both states by a number of major powers, particularly the United States and Japan. By testing nuclear devices, Pakistan became the seventh country to publicly test nuclear weapons. Pakistan's second nuclear test, Chagai-II, followed on 30 May 1998. Background Several historical and political events and personalities in the 1960s and early 1970s led Pakistan to gradually transition to a program of nuclear weapons development, that began in 1972. Plans for nuclear weapons testing start ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Atomic Tests
Nuclear weapons tests are experiments carried out to determine nuclear weapons' effectiveness, yield, and explosive capability. Testing nuclear weapons offers practical information about how the weapons function, how detonations are affected by different conditions, and how personnel, structures, and equipment are affected when subjected to nuclear explosions. However, nuclear testing has often been used as an indicator of scientific and military strength. Many tests have been overtly political in their intention; most nuclear weapons states publicly declared their nuclear status through a nuclear test. The first nuclear device was detonated as a test by the United States at the Trinity site in New Mexico on July 16, 1945, with a yield approximately equivalent to 20 kilotons of TNT. The first thermonuclear weapon technology test of an engineered device, codenamed "Ivy Mike", was tested at the Enewetak Atoll in the Marshall Islands on November 1, 1952 (local date), also by the Un ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
