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Salviniaceae
Salviniaceae (), is a family of heterosporous ferns in the order Salviniales. The Salviniaceae contain the two genera ''Azolla'' and ''Salvinia'', with about 20 known species in total. The oldest records of the family date to the Late Cretaceous. ''Azolla'' was previously placed in its own family, Azollaceae, but research has shown ''Azolla'' and ''Salvinia'' to be sister genera with the likely phylogenic In biology, phylogenetics (; from Greek φυλή/ φῦλον [] "tribe, clan, race", and wikt:γενετικός, γενετικός [] "origin, source, birth") is the study of the evolutionary history and relationships among or within groups o ... relationship shown in the following diagram. References Salviniales Fern families {{Polypodiidae-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Salviniales
The order Salviniales (formerly known as the Hydropteridales and including the former Marsileales) is an order of ferns in the class Polypodiopsida. Description Salviniales are all aquatic and differ from all other ferns in being heterosporous, meaning that they produce two different types of spores (megaspores and microspores) that develop into two different types of gametophytes (female and male gametophytes, respectively), and in that their gametophytes are endosporic, meaning that they never grow outside the spore wall and cannot become larger than the spores that produced them. The megasporangia each produce a single megaspore. In being heterosporus with endosporic gametophytes they are more similar to seed plants than to other ferns. The fertile and sterile leaves are dimorphic, taking on a different shape, and leaves bear anastomosing veins. Aerenchyma is frequently present in roots, shoots, and petioles (leaf stalks). The ferns of this order vary radically in form and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Salvinia
''Salvinia'', a genus in the family Salviniaceae, is a floating fern named in honor of Anton Maria Salvini, a 17th-century Italian scientist. Watermoss is a common name for ''Salvinia''. The genus was published in 1754 by Jean-François Séguier, in his description of the plants found round Verona, ''Plantae Veronenses'' Twelve species are recognized, at least three of which (''S. molesta'', ''S. herzogii'', and ''S. minima'') are believed to be hybrids, in part because their sporangia are found to be empty. ''Salvinia'' is related to the other water ferns, including the mosquito fern ''Azolla''. Recent sources include both ''Azolla'' and ''Salvinia'' in Salviniaceae, although each genus was formerly given its own family. ''Salvinia'', like the other ferns in order Salviniales, are heterosporous, producing spores of differing sizes. However, leaf development in ''Salvinia'' is unique. The upper side of the floating leaf, which appears to face the stem axis, is morphologically ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Marsileaceae
Marsileaceae () is a small family of heterosporous aquatic and semi-aquatic ferns, though at first sight they do not physically resemble other ferns. The group is commonly known as the "pepperwort family" or as the "water-clover family" because the leaves of the genus ''Marsilea'' superficially resemble the leaves of a four-leaf clover. In all, the family contains 3 genera and 50 to 80 species with most of those belonging to ''Marsilea''. Natural history Members of the Marsileaceae are aquatic or semi-aquatic. Plants often grow in dense clumps in mud along the shores of ponds or streams, or they may grow submerged in shallow water with some of the leaves extending to float on the water surface. They grow in seasonally wet habitats, but survive the winter or dry season by losing their leaves and producing hard, desiccation-resistant reproductive structures. There are only three living genera in the family Marsileaceae. The majority of species (about 45 to 70) belong to ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Azolla
''Azolla'' (mosquito fern, duckweed fern, fairy moss, water fern) is a genus of seven species of aquatic ferns in the family Salviniaceae. They are extremely reduced in form and specialized, looking nothing like other typical ferns but more resembling duckweed or some mosses. ''Azolla filiculoides'' is one of just two fern species for which a reference genome has been published. It is believed that this genus grew so prolifically during the Eocene (and thus absorbed such a large amount of carbon) that it triggered a global cooling event that has lasted to the present. Azolla is considered an invasive plant in wetlands, freshwater lakes and ditches. It can alter aquatic ecosystems and biodiversity substantially. Species Section ''Rhizosperma'' *''Azolla imbricata'' *''Azolla nilotica'' *'' Azolla pinnata'' Section ''Azolla'' *''Azolla cristata '' (this name takes priority over ''Azolla caroliniana'' ) *''Azolla filiculoides'' *''Azolla rubra'' : Sources: At least six e ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fern
A fern (Polypodiopsida or Polypodiophyta ) is a member of a group of vascular plants (plants with xylem and phloem) that reproduce via spores and have neither seeds nor flowers. The polypodiophytes include all living pteridophytes except the lycopods, and differ from mosses and other bryophytes by being vascular, i.e., having specialized tissues that conduct water and nutrients and in having life cycles in which the branched sporophyte is the dominant phase. Ferns have complex leaves called megaphylls, that are more complex than the microphylls of clubmosses. Most ferns are leptosporangiate ferns. They produce coiled fiddleheads that uncoil and expand into fronds. The group includes about 10,560 known extant species. Ferns are defined here in the broad sense, being all of the Polypodiopsida, comprising both the leptosporangiate (Polypodiidae) and eusporangiate ferns, the latter group including horsetails, whisk ferns, marattioid ferns, and ophioglossoid ferns. Ferns first ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Salvinia Natans
''Salvinia natans'' (commonly known as floating fern, floating watermoss, floating moss, or commercially, water butterfly wings) is an annual floating aquatic fern, which can appear superficially similar to moss. It is found throughout the world where there is plentiful standing fresh water, sunlight, and humid air, but is especially common in Africa, Asia, central Europe, and South America. In New York State and Massachusetts, it is an introduced species. Characteristics ''Salvinia natans'' has two nickel-sized leaves lying flat against the surface of the water, and a third submerged leaf which functions as a root. Flotation is made possible by pouches of air within the leaves. Cuticular papillae on the leaves' surface keep water from interfering with the leaves' functioning, and serve to protect them from decay. Spore cases form at the plant's base for reproduction. The leaves of ''S. natans'' block sunlight from reaching very far underwater. This is helpful to many freshwat ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Family (biology)
Family ( la, familia, plural ') is one of the eight major hierarchical taxonomic ranks in Linnaean taxonomy. It is classified between order and genus. A family may be divided into subfamilies, which are intermediate ranks between the ranks of family and genus. The official family names are Latin in origin; however, popular names are often used: for example, walnut trees and hickory trees belong to the family Juglandaceae, but that family is commonly referred to as the "walnut family". What belongs to a family—or if a described family should be recognized at all—are proposed and determined by practicing taxonomists. There are no hard rules for describing or recognizing a family, but in plants, they can be characterized on the basis of both vegetative and reproductive features of plant species. Taxonomists often take different positions about descriptions, and there may be no broad consensus across the scientific community for some time. The publishing of new data and opini ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Heterosporous
Heterospory is the production of spores of two different sizes and sexes by the sporophytes of land plants. The smaller of these, the microspore, is male and the larger megaspore is female. Heterospory evolved during the Devonian period from isospory independently in several plant groups: the clubmosses, the ferns including the arborescent horsetails, and progymnosperms. This occurred as part of the process of evolution of the timing of sex differentiation.Sussex, I.M. (1966) The origin and development of heterospory in vascular plants. Chapter 9 in ''Trends in Plant morphogenesis'', ed. by E.G. Cutter, Longmans. Origin of heterospory Heterospory evolved due to natural selection that favoured an increase in propagule size compared with the smaller spores of homosporous plants. Heterosporous plants, similar to anisosporic plants, produce two different sized spores in separate sporangia that develop into separate male and female gametophytes. It is proposed that the emergence ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Phylogenic
In biology, phylogenetics (; from Greek φυλή/ φῦλον [] "tribe, clan, race", and wikt:γενετικός, γενετικός [] "origin, source, birth") is the study of the evolutionary history and relationships among or within groups of organisms. These relationships are determined by Computational phylogenetics, phylogenetic inference methods that focus on observed heritable traits, such as DNA sequences, protein amino acid sequences, or morphology. The result of such an analysis is a phylogenetic tree—a diagram containing a hypothesis of relationships that reflects the evolutionary history of a group of organisms. The tips of a phylogenetic tree can be living taxa or fossils, and represent the "end" or the present time in an evolutionary lineage. A phylogenetic diagram can be rooted or unrooted. A rooted tree diagram indicates the hypothetical common ancestor of the tree. An unrooted tree diagram (a network) makes no assumption about the ancestral line, and does ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Marsilea
''Marsilea'' is a genus of approximately 65 species of aquatic ferns of the family Marsileaceae. The name honours Italian naturalist Luigi Ferdinando Marsili (1656–1730). These small plants are of unusual appearance and do not resemble common ferns. Common names include water clover and four-leaf clover because of the long-stalked leaves have four clover-like lobes and are either present above water or submerged. The sporocarps of some Australian species are very drought-resistant, surviving up to 100 years in dry conditions. On wetting, the gelatinous interior of the sporocarp swells, splitting it and releasing a worm-like mass that carries sori, eventually leading to germination of spores and fertilization. Uses As food Sporocarps of some Australian species such as ''Marsilea drummondii'' are edible and have been eaten by Aborigines and early white settlers, who knew it under the name ngardu or nardoo. Parts of ''Marsilea drummondii'' contain an enzyme which destroys t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pilularia
''Pilularia'' or pillworts is a genus of unusual ferns of family Marsileaceae distributed in North Temperate regions, Ethiopian mountains, and the southern hemisphere in Australia, New Zealand, and western South America. Depending on the taxonomic revisor, the genus contains between 3 and 6 species of small plants with thread-like leaves, and creeping rhizomes. The sporangia are borne in spherical sporocarps ("pills") which form in the axils of leaves. ''Pilularia minuta'' from SW Europe is one of the smallest of all ferns. List of species Recent work from Pryer Lab accepted four species of ''Pilularia'', with a fifth, ''P. novae-zealandiae'', being conspecific with ''P. novae-hollandiae''. In addition, another species, ''P. dracomontana'', has been described from South Africa. * ''Pilularia americana'' A.Braun (American pillwort) * ''Pilularia globulifera'' L. (pillwort) * ''Pilularia minuta'' Durieu (least pillwort) * ''Pilularia novae-hollandiae'' A.Braun (austral pillwort) ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Regnellidium
Regnellidium is a monotypic genus of ferns of family Marsileaceae. The single living species, ''Regnellidium diphyllum'', the two-leaf water fern, is native to southeastern Brazil and adjacent regions of Argentina. It resembles its relatives from the genus ''Marsilea'', but has 2-lobed leaves (rather than 4). This fern is sometimes grown in aquaria. A fossil assigned to the species '' Regnellidium upatoiensis'' has been found in Cretaceous deposits of the eastern United States. The genus name of ''Regnellidium'' is in honour of Anders Fredrik Regnell Anders Fredrik Regnell (8 June 1807 – 12 September 1884) was a Swedish physician and botanist. He studied in Uppsala and received his medical doctorate in 1837. As a student he served as assistant to Anders Retzius in Stockholm. He served in v ... (1807–1884), a Swedish physician and botanist. It was first described and published in Ark. Bot. Vol.3 (Issue 6) on page 2 in 1904. References Other sources * Mabberley, D. J. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
