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Saljuq-nama
The Saljūq-Nāma ( fa, سلجوقنامه, "Book of Seljuk mpire) is a history of the Great Seljuk Empire written by the Persian historian Zahir al-Din Nishapuri around 1175. Written in Persian, it has been acknowledged as the primary source for Saljuq material for Persian works dating from 13th century to 15th century, which include; ''Rahat al-sudur'', ''Jami al-tawarikh'', ''Tarikh-i Guzida'', ''Zubdat al-Tawarikh'' and '' Rawdat as-Safa''. Abu l'Qasim Qashani, a historian who wrote about the Ilkhanids, made alterations and additions to the original text, which was later misidentified as the original ''Saljuq-nama''. Content The ''Saljuq-nama'' is vague concerning the history of the sultans prior to Toghrul III, as noted by Claude Cahen, that Nishapuri had "...relatively poor sources at his disposal for the Seljuqs before his own lifetime..." Yet it is a short, restrained history using different sources than those used by Arabic writers of that time. Its textual history is ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Great Seljuk Empire
The Great Seljuk Empire, or the Seljuk Empire was a high medieval, culturally Turko-Persian, Sunni Muslim empire, founded and ruled by the Qïnïq branch of Oghuz Turks. It spanned a total area of from Anatolia and the Levant in the west to the Hindu Kush in the east, and from Central Asia in the north to the Persian Gulf in the south. The Seljuk Empire was founded in 1037 by Tughril (990–1063) and his brother Chaghri (989–1060), both of whom co-ruled over its territories; there are indications that the Seljuk leadership otherwise functioned as a triumvirate and thus included Musa Yabghu, the uncle of the aforementioned two. From their homelands near the Aral Sea, the Seljuks advanced first into Khorasan and into the Iranian mainland, where they would become largely based as a Persianate society. They then moved west to conquer Baghdad, filling up the power vacuum that had been caused by struggles between the Arab Abbasid Caliphate and the Iranian Buyid Empire. The subs ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Zahir Al-Din Nishapuri
Zahir al-Din Nishapuri (died ) was a Persian writer and the author of the ''Saljuq-nama'' ("Book of Seljuk mpire), an important source regarding the history of the Seljuk Empire. The life of Nishapuri is obscure; he is reported to have served as tutor of the previous Seljuk sultans, Ghiyath ad-Din Mas'ud Ghiyath ad-Din Mas'ud ( 1108 – 13 September 1152) was the Seljuq Sultan of Iraq and western Persia in 1133–1152. Reign Ghiyath ad-Din Masud was the son of sultan Muhammad I Tapar, and his wife Nistandar Jahan Khatun. At the age of twelve (1 ... () and Arslan ibn Tughril (r. 1153). Although the ''Saljuq-nama'' is now lost, it was used as the primary source of the contemporary Persian historian Muhammad ibn Ali Rawandi. References Sources * {{EI2, last=Bosworth, first=C.E., volume=8, title=Nīs̲h̲āpūrī, pages=64, url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/nishapuri-SIM_5931 Scholars from the Seljuk Empire 1184 deaths Year of bi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rahat Al-sudur
The ''Rahat al-sudur wa-ayat al-surur'' or ''Rahat al-sudur'' ( fa, راحة الصدور), is a history of the Great Seljuq Empire, its breakup into minor beys and the subsequent Khwārazm-Shāh dynasty, Khwarazmian occupation, written by the Persian historian Muhammad bin Ali Rawandi and finished around 1204/1205. Rawandi was encouraged and supported in his endeavour by Shihab al-Din al-Kashani. Written in Persian and originally dedicated to Süleymanshah II, Rawandi re-dedicated his work to the Sultanate of Rum, Sultan of Rum, Kaykhusraw I. Content The early history of the Seljuqs written in the ''Rahat al-sudur'', relies heavily upon the ''Saljuq-nama''. However, events after 1175 are directly witnessed by Rawandi since he was a member of Toghrul III of Seljuq, Toghrul III's court, making the ''Rahat al-sudur'' an invaluable source for Toghrul's reign. According to the ''Rahat al-sudur'', the Seljuqs held the Ghaznavids in contempt due to their slave origins. Rawandi appears to ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jami Al-tawarikh
The ''Jāmiʿ al-tawārīkh'' (Persian/Arabic: , ) is a work of literature and history, produced in the Mongol Ilkhanate. Written by Rashid al-Din Hamadani (1247–1318 AD) at the start of the 14th century, the breadth of coverage of the work has caused it to be called "the first world history". It was in three volumes and published in Arabic and Persian versions. The surviving portions total approximately 400 pages of the original work. The work describes cultures and major events in world history from China to Europe; in addition, it covers Mongol history, as a way of establishing their cultural legacy. The lavish illustrations and calligraphy required the efforts of hundreds of scribes and artists, with the intent that two new copies (one in Persian, and one in Arabic) would be created each year and distributed to schools and cities around the Ilkhanate, in the Middle East, Central Asia, Anatolia, and the Indian subcontinent. Approximately 20 illustrated copies were made of t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tarikh-i Guzida
The ''Tarikh-i guzida'' (also spelled ''Tarikh-e Gozideh'' ( fa, تاریخ گزیده, "Excerpt history"), is a compendium of Islamic history from the creation of the world until 1329, written by Hamdallah Mustawfi and finished in 1330.''E.J. Brill's first Encyclopedia of Islam, 1913-1936'', ed. M. Th. Houtsma, (BRILL, 1993), 845. It was written in a dry simple style and dedicated to Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad. Content The ''Tarikh-i guzida'' contains the history of the Islamic world, from the creation of the world up to 1329(729 AH). The introduction includes the creation of the world followed by six sections; # The prophets # Persian Kings before Muhammad # Muhammad and caliphs # Persia and other lands ruled by Muslim dynasties # Poets and scholars # Region and history of Kazwin(Qazvin) Also mentioned is the Mongol invasion The Mongol invasions and conquests took place during the 13th and 14th centuries, creating history's largest contiguous empire: the Mongol Empire ( 1206- 13 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ilkhanids
The Ilkhanate, also spelled Il-khanate ( fa, ایل خانان, ''Ilxānān''), known to the Mongols as ''Hülegü Ulus'' (, ''Qulug-un Ulus''), was a khanate established from the southwestern sector of the Mongol Empire. The Ilkhanid realm, officially known as ''Iranzamin'' (), was ruled by the Mongol House of Hulagu. Hulagu Khan, the son of Tolui and grandson of Genghis Khan, inherited the Middle Eastern part of the Mongol Empire after his brother Möngke Khan died in 1260. Its core territory lies in what is now part of the countries of Iran, Azerbaijan, and Turkey. At its greatest extent, the Ilkhanate also included parts of modern Iraq, Syria, Armenia, Georgia, Afghanistan, Turkmenistan, Pakistan, part of modern Dagestan, and part of modern Tajikistan. Later Ilkhanate rulers, beginning with Ghazan in 1295, converted to Islam. In the 1330s, the Ilkhanate was ravaged by the Black Death. Its last khan Abu Sa'id died in 1335, after which the khanate disintegrated. The Ilkhanid ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Toghrul III Of Seljuq
Toghrul III ( fa, طغرل سوم) (died 1194) was the last sultan of the Great Seljuk Empire and the last Seljuk Sultan of Iraq. His great uncle Sultan Ghiyath ad-Din Mas'ud (1134–1152) had appointed Shams ad-Din Eldiguz (1135/36–1175) as atabeg of his nephew Arslan-Shah, the son of his brother Toghrul II, and transferred Arran to his nephew's possession as iqta in 1136. Eldiguz eventually married Mu’mina Khatun, the widow of Toghril II, and his sons Nusrat al-Din Muhammad Pahlavan and Qizil Arslan Uthman were thus half-brothers of Arslan Shah, but despite close ties with the Royal Seljuk house, Eldiguz had remain aloof of the royal politics, concentrating on repelling the Georgians and consolidating his power. In 1160, Sultan Suleiman-Shah named Arslan Shah his heir and gave him governorship of Arran and Azerbaijan, fearful of the power of Eldiguz. Status of the Empire in 1160 The Great Seljuk Empire, founded by Tughril and significantly expanded by Alp Arslan, stretch ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Claude Cahen
Claude Cahen (26 February 1909 – 18 November 1991) was a 20th-century French Marxist orientalist and historian. He specialized in the studies of the Islamic Middle Ages, Muslim sources about the Crusades, and social history of the medieval Islamic society (works on Futuwa orders). Claude Cahen was born in Paris to a French Jewish family.Ira M. Lapidus, review of Curiel and Gyselen (1995), ''Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient'' 39.2 (1996), pp. 189-90 After studying at the École Normale Supérieure on the rue d'Ulm, he attended the Institut national des langues et civilisations orientales, receiving a doctorate in 1940. He was a professor at the University of Strasbourg from 1945 to 1959 and then at the Sorbonne; in 1967 he was invited to teach at the University of Michigan, and in 1973, he was elected to the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres. He was later elected to the American Philosophical Society in 1983. Cahen was married and had six child ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
History Books About The Middle East
History (derived ) is the systematic study and the documentation of the human activity. The time period of event before the invention of writing systems is considered prehistory. "History" is an umbrella term comprising past events as well as the memory, discovery, collection, organization, presentation, and interpretation of these events. Historians seek knowledge of the past using historical sources such as written documents, oral accounts, art and material artifacts, and ecological markers. History is not complete and still has debatable mysteries. History is also an academic discipline which uses narrative to describe, examine, question, and analyze past events, and investigate their patterns of cause and effect. Historians often debate which narrative best explains an event, as well as the significance of different causes and effects. Historians also debate the nature of history as an end in itself, as well as its usefulness to give perspective on the problems of the p ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Culture Of The Seljuk Empire
Culture () is an umbrella term which encompasses the social behavior, institutions, and Social norm, norms found in human Society, societies, as well as the knowledge, beliefs, arts, laws, Social norm, customs, capabilities, and habits of the individuals in these groups.Tylor, Edward. (1871). Primitive Culture. Vol 1. New York: J.P. Putnam's Son Culture is often originated from or attributed to a specific region or location. Humans acquire culture through the learning processes of enculturation and socialization, which is shown by the diversity of cultures across societies. A cultural norm codifies acceptable conduct in society; it serves as a guideline for behavior, dress, language, and demeanor in a situation, which serves as a template for expectations in a social group. Accepting only a monoculturalism, monoculture in a social group can bear risks, just as a single species can wither in the face of environmental change, for lack of functional responses to the change. Thus ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Persian-language Books
Persian (), also known by its endonym Farsi (, ', ), is a Western Iranian language belonging to the Iranian branch of the Indo-Iranian subdivision of the Indo-European languages. Persian is a pluricentric language predominantly spoken and used officially within Iran, Afghanistan, and Tajikistan in three mutually intelligible standard varieties, namely Iranian Persian (officially known as ''Persian''), Dari Persian (officially known as ''Dari'' since 1964) and Tajiki Persian (officially known as ''Tajik'' since 1999).Siddikzoda, S. "Tajik Language: Farsi or not Farsi?" in ''Media Insight Central Asia #27'', August 2002. It is also spoken natively in the Tajik variety by a significant population within Uzbekistan, as well as within other regions with a Persianate history in the cultural sphere of Greater Iran. It is written officially within Iran and Afghanistan in the Persian alphabet, a derivation of the Arabic script, and within Tajikistan in the Tajik alphabet, a derivatio ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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