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Sachsenpfennig
The ''Sachsenpfennig'' ("Saxon ''pfennig''"), sometimes called the ''Wendenpfennig'' or the ''Hochrandpfennig'' ("high rim ''pfennig''") was a well-known coin of the ''pfennig'' type minted in the eastern part of the Stem Duchy of Saxony during the 10th and 11th centuries. It had an upturned perimeter and, next to the Otto Adelheid Pfennig was the most common ''pfennig'' type of its time. ''Sachsenpfennigs'' are the oldest coins minted in Saxony. Its different names represent a lack of clarity within mediaeval numismatics about the coin. Names Julius Menadier called the ''pfennig'' type of the 10th and 11th centuries with an upturned rim the ''Sachsenpfennig'' because it was minted in eastern Saxony. The older name ''Wendenpfennig'' ("Wend ''pfennig''") is inappropriate as a ''pfennig'' that the Wends minted, since they still regarded the coins as ingots or so-called hacksilver and did not mint any coins themselves. According to Menadier, the use of hacksilver and coins are mut ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Saxon Coin History
The history of Saxon coinage or Meissen-Saxon coinage comprises three major periods: the high medieval regional pfennig period (bracteate period), the late medieval pfennig period and the thaler period, which ended with the introduction of the mark in 1871/72. Rich silver deposits, which were discovered near Freiberg after the middle of the 12th century, helped Saxony to a leading position in German coinage. The Saxon pfennigs ('' Sachsenpfennige'') minted in eastern Saxony are also included, as described in Walther Haupt's ''Sächsischer Münzkunde'' ("Saxon Coinage"). They were minted on the basis of the Carolingian monetary reform, on which the oldest Meissen coinage is based. The different names of these pfennig types indicate a still unclear position within medieval numismatics. ''Hochrandpfennig'' (''Sachsenpfennig'') The 10th and 11th century pfennig type known as the Saxon pfennig ('' Sachsenpfennig'') with a raised edge is the most common pfennig type of this t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pfennig
The 'pfennig' (; . 'pfennigs' or ; symbol pf or ₰) or penny is a former German coin or note, which was the official currency from the 9th century until the introduction of the euro in 2002. While a valuable coin during the Middle Ages, it lost its value through the years and was the minor coin of the Mark currencies in the German Reich, West and East Germany, and the reunified Germany until the introduction of the euro. Pfennig was also the name of the subunit of the Danzig mark (1922–1923) and the Danzig gulden (1923–1939) in the Free City of Danzig (modern Gdańsk, Poland). Overview Name The word ''Pfennig'' (replacing the ''denarius'' or ''denarius'' as a low-denomination silver coin) can be traced back to the 8th century and also became known as the ''Penning'', ''Panni(n)g '', ''Pfenni(n)c'', ''Pfending'' and by other names, e.g. in Prussia until 1873, ''Pfenning''. The ''-ing''- or ''-inc'' suffix was used, in addition to ''-ung'', the formation of affil ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dieter Geuenich
Dieter Geuenich (born 17 February 1943) is a German historian who specializes in the history of Germanic peoples. Biography Dieter Geuenich was born on 17 February 1943 in Bad Honnef, Germany. He studied history, Germanistics, theology and philosophy at the universities of Bonn and Münster, and received his PhD at Münster in 1972 under the supervision of Karl Schmid. From 1972 to 1982, Geuenich was a research assistant in history at the University of Freiburg. He gained his habilitation at Freiburg in 1981, and subsequently served as Professor of Medieval History at the University of Freiburg from 1982 to 1987. He was appointed Chair of Medieval History at the University of Duisburg-Essen in 1989. He has served as Visiting Professor at the University of Tokyo (1992-1993) and University of Los Angeles (1994). Geuenich became a corresponding member of the Göttingen Academy of Sciences and Humanities in 2000. From 2004 to 2008, he was Professor at the University of Duisburg-Ess ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Heinrich Beck (philologist)
Heinrich Beck (born 2 April 1929 - 5 June 2019) was a German philologist who specialized in Germanic studies. A Professor of Ancient German and Nordic Studies at Saarland University and later the University of Bonn, Beck was a co-editor of the second edition of ''Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde'' and one of the world's leading experts on early Germanic culture. Biography Hermann Beck was born Nördlingen, Germany on 2 April 1929. Gaining his abitur in Munich in 1949, Beck studied German, Scandinavian and linguistics at the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich and Reykjavík University. He gained his PhD in Nordic philology and Germanic studies at the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich in 1962. He completed his habilitation in Germanic studies at the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich in 1967. From 1968 to 1978, Beck was Professor of Ancient German and Nordic Studies at Saarland University. From 1978 until his retirement in 1994, Beck was Professor of Ancie ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Coins Of Account
A coin of account is a unit of money that does not exist as an actual coin (that is, a metal disk) but is used in figuring prices or other amounts of money. Examples Mill The ''mill'' (or sometimes, ''mil'') is a coin of account in the United States. It is equal to one-tenth of a penny, and so to one-thousandth of a dollar (= $0.001), whence the name, which means "thousandth." There was never such a coin minted by the U.S. Federal government, though some states minted these coins well into the mid-1900s. Coins of account are used in accounting and for figuring taxes, usually either property taxes or sales taxes. Guinea From 1816 to the 1980s the British Guinea was no longer used a coin but prices for luxury items and professional services were often quoted in guineas, on the understanding that a guinea was equal to 21 shillings. See also * Unit of account * Money * Digital currency Digital currency (digital money, electronic money or electronic currency) is any currency, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Obolus
The obol ( grc-gre, , ''obolos'', also ὀβελός (''obelós''), ὀβελλός (''obellós''), ὀδελός (''odelós''). "nail, metal spit"; la, obolus) was a form of ancient Greek currency and weight. Currency Obols were used from early times. According to Plutarch they were originally spits of copper or bronze traded by weight, while six obols make a drachma or a handful, since that was as many as the hand could grasp. Heraklides of Pontus (died ca. 310 BC) is cited as having mentioned the obols of Heraion and also gives the etymology of ''obolos'' (the name of the coin) from ''obelos'' (the word for "spit, spike, nail"). Similarly, the historian Ephorus in his equally lost work ''On Inventions'' (mid 4th century BC) is said to have mentioned the obols of Heraion. Excavations at Argos discovered several dozen of these early obols, dated well before 800 BC; they are now displayed at the Numismatic Museum of Athens. Archaeologists today describe the iro ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Roman Empire
The Roman Empire ( la, Imperium Romanum ; grc-gre, Βασιλεία τῶν Ῥωμαίων, Basileía tôn Rhōmaíōn) was the post-Republican period of ancient Rome. As a polity, it included large territorial holdings around the Mediterranean Sea in Europe, North Africa, and Western Asia, and was ruled by emperors. From the accession of Caesar Augustus as the first Roman emperor to the military anarchy of the 3rd century, it was a Principate with Italia as the metropole of its provinces and the city of Rome as its sole capital. The Empire was later ruled by multiple emperors who shared control over the Western Roman Empire and the Eastern Roman Empire. The city of Rome remained the nominal capital of both parts until AD 476 when the imperial insignia were sent to Constantinople following the capture of the Western capital of Ravenna by the Germanic barbarians. The adoption of Christianity as the state church of the Roman Empire in AD 380 and the fall of the Western ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Denarius
The denarius (, dēnāriī ) was the standard Roman silver coin from its introduction in the Second Punic War to the reign of Gordian III (AD 238–244), when it was gradually replaced by the antoninianus. It continued to be minted in very small quantities, likely for ceremonial purposes, until and through the Tetrarchy (293–313). The word ''dēnārius'' is derived from the Latin ''dēnī'' "containing ten", as its value was originally of 10 assēs.Its value was increased to 16 assēs in the middle of the 2nd century BC. The word for "money" descends from it in Italian (''denaro''), Slovene (''denar''), Portuguese (''dinheiro''), and Spanish (''dinero''). Its name also survives in the dinar currency. Its symbol is represented in Unicode as 𐆖 (U+10196), a numeral monogram that appeared on the obverse in the Republican period, denoting the 10 asses ("X") to 1 denarius ("I") conversion rate. However it can also be represented as X̶ (capital letter X with combining long ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Solidus (coin)
The ''solidus'' (Latin 'solid'; ''solidi'') or nomisma ( grc-gre, νόμισμα, ''nómisma'', 'coin') was a highly pure gold coin issued in the Late Roman Empire and Byzantine Empire. Constantine I, Constantine introduced the coin, and its weight of about 4.5 grams remained relatively constant for seven centuries. In the Byzantine Empire, the solidus or nomisma remained a highly pure gold coin until the 11th century, when several Byzantine Empire, Byzantine list of Byzantine emperors, emperors began to strike the coin with less and less gold. The nomisma was finally abolished by Alexius I in 1092, who replaced it with the hyperpyron, which also came to be known as a "bezant". The Byzantine solidus also inspired the originally slightly less pure Dinar (coin), dinar issued by the Muslim Caliphate. In Western Europe, the solidus was the main gold coin of commerce from late Roman times to Pepin the Short's Carolingian Renaissance#Carolingian currency, currency reform, wh ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Talent (unit)
The talent was a unit of weight that was introduced in Mesopotamia at the end of the 4th millennium BC, and was normalized at the end of the 3rd millennium during the Akkadian-Sumer phase, divided into 60 minas or 3,600 shekels. In classical antiquity, the talent ( la, talentum, from Ancient Greek: , ''talanton'' "scale, balance, sum") was the heaviest of common weight units for commercial transactions. An Attic weight talent was approximately John William Humphrey, John Peter Oleson, Andrew Neil Sherwood, ''Greek and Roman technology'', p. 487. (approximately the mass of water of an amphora), and a Babylonian talent was .Herodotus, Robin Waterfield and Carolyn Dewald, ''The Histories'' (1998), p. 593. Ancient Israel adopted the Babylonian weight talent, but later revised it.III. Measures of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
