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SUPS
In computational neuroscience, SUPS (for Synaptic Updates Per Second) or formerly CUPS (Connections Updates Per Second) is a measure of a neuronal network performance, useful in fields of neuroscience, cognitive science, artificial intelligence, and computer science. Computing For a processor or computer designed to simulate a neural network SUPS is measured as the product of simulated neurons N and average connectivity c(synapses) per neuron per second: SUPS = c \times N Depending on the type of simulation it is usually equal to the total number of synapses simulated. In an "asynchronous" dynamic simulation if a neuron spikes at \upsilon Hz, the average rate of synaptic updates provoked by the activity of that neuron is \upsilon cN. In a synchronous simulation with step \Delta t the number of synaptic updates per second would be \frac. As \Delta t has to be chosen much smaller than the average interval between two successive afferent spikes, which implies \Delta t < \frac ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
FLOP
Floating point operations per second (FLOPS, flops or flop/s) is a measure of computer performance in computing, useful in fields of scientific computations that require floating-point calculations. For such cases, it is a more accurate measure than measuring instructions per second. Floating-point arithmetic Floating-point arithmetic is needed for very large or very small real numbers, or computations that require a large dynamic range. Floating-point representation is similar to scientific notation, except computers use base two (with rare exceptions), rather than base ten. The encoding scheme stores the sign, the exponent (in base two for Cray and VAX, base two or ten for IEEE floating point formats, and base 16 for IBM Floating Point Architecture) and the significand (number after the radix point). While several similar formats are in use, the most common is ANSI/IEEE Std. 754-1985. This standard defines the format for 32-bit numbers called ''single precision'', as wel ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Computational Neuroscience
Computational neuroscience (also known as theoretical neuroscience or mathematical neuroscience) is a branch of neuroscience which employs mathematics, computer science, theoretical analysis and abstractions of the brain to understand the principles that govern the development, structure, physiology and cognitive abilities of the nervous system. Computational neuroscience employs computational simulations to validate and solve mathematical models, and so can be seen as a sub-field of theoretical neuroscience; however, the two fields are often synonymous. The term mathematical neuroscience is also used sometimes, to stress the quantitative nature of the field. Computational neuroscience focuses on the description of biologically plausible neurons (and neural systems) and their physiology and dynamics, and it is therefore not directly concerned with biologically unrealistic models used in connectionism, control theory, cybernetics, quantitative psychology, machine le ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Systolic Array
In parallel computer architectures, a systolic array is a homogeneous network of tightly coupled data processing units (DPUs) called cells or nodes. Each node or DPU independently computes a partial result as a function of the data received from its upstream neighbours, stores the result within itself and passes it downstream. Systolic arrays were first used in Colossus, which was an early computer used to break German Lorenz ciphers during World War II. Due to the classified nature of Colossus, they were independently invented or rediscovered by H. T. Kung and Charles Leiserson who described arrays for many dense linear algebra computations (matrix product, solving systems of linear equations, LU decomposition, etc.) for banded matrices. Early applications include computing greatest common divisors of integers and polynomials. They are sometimes classified as multiple-instruction single-data (MISD) architectures under Flynn's taxonomy, but this classification is questionable ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Artificial Intelligence
Artificial intelligence (AI) is the capability of computer, computational systems to perform tasks typically associated with human intelligence, such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and decision-making. It is a field of research in computer science that develops and studies methods and software that enable machines to machine perception, perceive their environment and use machine learning, learning and intelligence to take actions that maximize their chances of achieving defined goals. High-profile applications of AI include advanced web search engines (e.g., Google Search); recommendation systems (used by YouTube, Amazon (company), Amazon, and Netflix); virtual assistants (e.g., Google Assistant, Siri, and Amazon Alexa, Alexa); autonomous vehicles (e.g., Waymo); Generative artificial intelligence, generative and Computational creativity, creative tools (e.g., ChatGPT and AI art); and Superintelligence, superhuman play and analysis in strategy games (e.g., ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Units Of Frequency
Unit may refer to: General measurement * Unit of measurement, a definite magnitude of a physical quantity, defined and adopted by convention or by law **International System of Units (SI), modern form of the metric system **English units, historical units of measurement used in England up to 1824 **Unit of length Science and technology Physical sciences * Natural unit, a physical unit of measurement * Geological unit or rock unit, a volume of identifiable rock or ice * Astronomical unit, a unit of length roughly between the Earth and the Sun Chemistry and medicine * Equivalent (chemistry), a unit of measurement used in chemistry and biology * Unit, a vessel or section of a chemical plant * Blood unit, a measurement in blood transfusion * Enzyme unit, a measurement of active enzyme in a sample * International unit, a unit of measurement for nutrients and drugs Mathematics * Unit number, the number 1 * Unit, identity element * Unit (ring theory), an element that is inver ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Benchmarks (computing)
Benchmark may refer to: Business and economics * Benchmarking, evaluating performance within organizations * Benchmark price * Benchmark (crude oil), oil-specific practices Science and technology * Experimental benchmarking, the act of defining an experimental reference system to compare the accuracy of other non-experimental scientific methods * Benchmark (surveying), a point of known elevation marked for the purpose of surveying * Benchmarking (geolocating), an activity involving finding benchmarks * Benchmark (computing), the result of running a computer program to assess performance * Benchmark, a best-performing, or gold standard (test), gold standard test in medicine and statistics Companies * Benchmark Electronics, an electronics manufacturer * Benchmark (venture capital firm), a venture capital firm * Benchmark Recordings, a music label with CDs by the Fabulous Thunderbirds and Mike Bloomfield Other uses * Benchmarking (journal), ''Benchmarking'' (journal), a bimonthly p ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
SyNAPSE
In the nervous system, a synapse is a structure that allows a neuron (or nerve cell) to pass an electrical or chemical signal to another neuron or a target effector cell. Synapses can be classified as either chemical or electrical, depending on the mechanism of signal transmission between neurons. In the case of electrical synapses, neurons are coupled bidirectionally with each other through gap junctions and have a connected cytoplasmic milieu. These types of synapses are known to produce synchronous network activity in the brain, but can also result in complicated, chaotic network level dynamics. Therefore, signal directionality cannot always be defined across electrical synapses. Chemical synapses, on the other hand, communicate through neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic neuron into the synaptic cleft. Upon release, these neurotransmitters bind to specific receptors on the postsynaptic membrane, inducing an electrical or chemical response in the target neuron ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Orders Of Magnitude (computing)
This list compares various amounts of computing power in instructions per second organized by order of magnitude in FLOPS. Scientific E notation index: 2 , 3 , 6 , 9 , 12 , 15 , 18 , 21 , 24 , >24 __TOC__ Milliscale computing (10−3) * 2×10−3: average human multiplication of two 10-digit numbers using pen and paper without aids Deciscale computing (10−1) * 1×10−1: multiplication of two 10-digit numbers by a 1940s electromechanical desk calculator * 3×10−1: multiplication on Zuse Z3 and Z4, first programmable digital computers, 1941 and 1945 respectively * 5×10−1: computing power of the average human mental calculation for multiplication using pen and paper Scale computing (100) * 1.2 OP/S: addition on Z3, 1941, and multiplication on Bell Model V, 1946 * 2.4 OP/S: addition on Z4, 1945 Decascale computing (101) * 1.8×101: ENIAC, first programmable electronic digital computer, 1945 * 5×101: upper end of serialized human percepti ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
SPECfp
SPECfp is a computer benchmark designed to test the floating-point performance of a computer. It is managed by the Standard Performance Evaluation Corporation. SPECfp is the floating-point performance testing component of the SPEC CPU testing suit. The first standard SPECfp was released in 1989 as SPECfp89. Later it was replaced by SPECfp92, then SPECfp95, then SPECfp2000, then SPECfp2006, and finally SPECfp2017. Background SPEC CPU2017 is a suite of benchmark applications designed to test the CPU performance. The suite is composed of two sets of tests. The first being CINT (aka SPECint SPEC INT is a computer benchmark specification for CPU integer processing power. It is maintained by the Standard Performance Evaluation Corporation (SPEC). SPEC INT is the integer performance testing component of the SPEC test suite. The first ...) which is for evaluating the CPU performance in integer operations. The second set is CFP (aka SPECfp) which is for evaluating the CPU floating-po ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
SPECint
SPEC INT is a computer benchmark specification for CPU integer processing power. It is maintained by the Standard Performance Evaluation Corporation (SPEC). SPEC INT is the integer performance testing component of the SPEC test suite. The first SPEC test suite, CPU92, was announced in 1992. It was followed by CPU95, CPU2000, and CPU2006. The latest standard is SPEC CPU 2017 and consists of SPEC speed and SPEC rate (aka SPECCPU_2017). SPEC INT 2006 CPU2006 is a set of benchmarks designed to test the CPU performance of a modern server computer system. It is split into two components, the first being CINT2006, the other being CFP2006 ( SPECfp), for floating point testing. SPEC defines a base runtime for each of the 12 benchmark programs. For SPECint2006, that number ranges from 1000 to 3000 seconds. The timed test is run on the system, and the time of the test system is compared to the reference time, and a ratio is computed. That ratio becomes the SPEC INT score for that tes ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
K Computer
The K computer named for the Japanese word/numeral , meaning 10 quadrillion (1016)See Japanese numbers was a supercomputer manufactured by Fujitsu, installed at the Riken Advanced Institute for Computational Science campus in Kobe, Hyōgo Prefecture, Japan. The K computer was based on a distributed memory architecture with over 80,000 compute nodes. It was used for a variety of applications, including climate research, disaster prevention and medical research. The K computer's operating system was based on the Linux kernel, with additional drivers designed to make use of the computer's hardware. In June 2011, TOP500 ranked K the world's fastest supercomputer, with a computation speed of over 8 petaflops, and in November 2011, K became the first computer to top 10 petaflops. It had originally been slated for completion in June 2012. In June 2012, K was superseded as the world's fastest supercomputer by the American IBM Sequoia. , the K computer held third place for the HPCG ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Conventional PCI
Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) is a local computer bus for attaching hardware devices in a computer and is part of the PCI Local Bus standard. The PCI bus supports the functions found on a processor bus but in a standardized format that is independent of any given processor's native bus. Devices connected to the PCI bus appear to a bus master to be connected directly to its own bus and are assigned addresses in the processor's address space. It is a parallel bus, synchronous to a single bus clock. Attached devices can take either the form of an integrated circuit fitted onto the motherboard (called a ''planar device'' in the PCI specification) or an expansion card that fits into a slot. The PCI Local Bus was first implemented in IBM PC compatibles, where it displaced the combination of several slow Industry Standard Architecture (ISA) slots and one fast VESA Local Bus (VLB) slot as the bus configuration. It has subsequently been adopted for other computer type ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
