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SMC Protein
SMC complexes represent a large family of ATPases that participate in many aspects of higher-order chromosome organization and dynamics. SMC stands for Structural Maintenance of Chromosomes. Classification Eukaryotic SMCs Eukaryotes have at least six SMC proteins in individual organisms, and they form three distinct heterodimers with specialized functions: * A pair of SMC1 and SMC3 constitutes the core subunits of the cohesin complexes involved in sister chromatid cohesion. * Likewise, a pair of SMC2 and SMC4 acts as the core of the condensin complexes implicated in chromosome condensation. * A dimer composed of SMC5 and SMC6 functions as part of a yet-to-be-named complex implicated in DNA repair and checkpoint responses. Each complex contains a distinct set of non-SMC regulatory subunits. Some organisms have variants of SMC proteins. For instance, mammals have a meiosis-specific variant of SMC1, known as SMC1β. The nematode ''Caenorhabditis elegans'' has an SMC4-variant t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Models Of SMC And Cohesin Structure
A model is an informative representation of an object, person or system. The term originally denoted the plans of a building in late 16th-century English, and derived via French and Italian ultimately from Latin ''modulus'', a measure. Models can be divided into physical models (e.g. a model plane) and abstract models (e.g. mathematical expressions describing behavioural patterns). Abstract or conceptual models are central to philosophy of science, as almost every scientific theory effectively embeds some kind of model of the physical or human sphere. In commerce, "model" can refer to a specific design of a product as displayed in a catalogue or show room (e.g. Ford Model T), and by extension to the sold product itself. Types of models include: Physical model A physical model (most commonly referred to simply as a model but in this context distinguished from a conceptual model) is a smaller or larger physical copy of an object. The object being modelled may be small ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
ATP-binding Motif
An ATP-binding motif is a 250-residue sequence within an ATP-binding protein’s primary structure. The binding motif is associated with a protein’s structure and/or function. ATP is a molecule of energy, and can be a coenzyme, involved in a number of biological reactions. ATP is proficient at interacting with other molecules through a binding site. The ATP binding site is the environment in which ATP catalytically actives the enzyme and, as a result, is hydrolyzed to ADP. The binding of ATP causes a conformational change to the enzyme it is interacting with. The genetic and functional similarity of such a motif demonstrates micro-evolution: proteins have co-opted the same binding sequence from other enzymes rather than developing them independently. ATP binding sites, which may be representative of an ATP binding motif, are present in many proteins which require an input of energy (from ATP), such sites as active membrane transporters, microtubule subunits, flagellum proteins ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cornelia De Lange Syndrome
Cornelia de Lange syndrome (CdLS) is a genetic disorder. People with this syndrome experience a range of physical, cognitive, and medical challenges ranging from mild to severe. The syndrome has a widely varied phenotype, meaning people with the syndrome have varied features and challenges. The typical features of CdLS include thick or long eyebrows, a small nose, small stature, developmental delay, long or smooth philtrum, thin upper lip and downturned mouth. The syndrome is named after Dutch pediatrician Cornelia Catharina de Lange, who described it in 1933. It is often termed Brachmann de Lange syndrome or Bushy syndrome and is also known as Amsterdam dwarfism. Its exact incidence is unknown, but it is estimated at 1 in 10,000 to 30,000. Signs and symptoms The phenotype of CdLS is highly varied and is described as a spectrum; from Classic CdLS (with a greater number of key features) to mild variations with only a few features. Some people will have a small number of features ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
SMC6
Structural maintenance of chromosomes protein 6 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''SMC6'' gene. Structure The SMC6 was discovered first in fission yeast as RAD18 (SMC6). It forms a heterodimeric complex with Spr18 (SMC5) protein. In yeast, SMC5/6 complex has sub-units which consists of SMC5, SMC6 and six nonstructural maintenance of chromosomes (NSE) proteins. Nse1-Nse3-Nse4 subunits bridge the Smc5 head Smc6 and allow the binding of DNA. It is involved in the Alternative lengthening of telomeres cancer mechanism. Role in recombination and meiosis Smc6 and Smc5 proteins form a heterodimeric ring-like structure and together with other non-SMC elements form the SMC-5/6 complex. In the worm ''Caenorhabditis elegans'' this complex interacts with the HIM-6(BLM) helicase to promote meiotic recombination intermediate processing and chromosome maturation. The SMC-5/6 complex in mouse oocytes is essential for the formation of segregation competent bivalents during meios ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
SMC5
Structural maintenance of chromosomes protein 5 is a protein encoded by the ''SMC5'' gene in human. The structural maintenance of chromosomes' complex underlying mechanisms involved in the dynamics of chromatin dynamics is unknown, and new discoveries are shedding light on the various functions. The SMC complex mediates long-distance interactions that enable higher-order folding of chromatin in interphase. The SMC complex has an ATPase activity, a conserved kleisin, as well as regulatory subunits. SMC protein complexes are involved in DNA repair, transcriptional pathways, regulation of chromosome segregation, and immunity in Arabidopsis. In eukaryotes the structural maintenance chromosomes consists of cohesin (SMC1 AND SMC3), condensin (SMC2 and SMC4), and SMC5/6 complexes. Structure The Smc5/6 complex was discovered in fission yeast. RAD18 (SMC6), the DNA damage gene in fission yeast, also encodes an SMC-like protein and forms a heterodimeric complex with Spr18 (SMC5) protein. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
SMC4
Structural maintenance of chromosomes protein 4 (SMC-4) also known as chromosome-associated polypeptide C (CAP-C) or XCAP-C homolog is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''SMC4'' gene. SMC-4 is a core subunit of condensin Condensins are large protein complexes that play a central role in chromosome assembly and segregation during mitosis and meiosis (Figure 1). Their subunits were originally identified as major components of mitotic chromosomes assembled in ''Xenop ... I and II, large protein complexes involved in chromosome condensation. References Further reading * * * * * * * * * * * * External links * * PDBe-KBprovides an overview of all the structure information available in the PDB for Human Structural maintenance of chromosomes protein 4 (SMC4) PDBe-KB provides an overview of all the structure information available in the PDB for Mouse Structural maintenance of chromosomes protein 4 (SMC4) {{gene-3-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
SMC3
Structural maintenance of chromosomes protein 3 (SMC3) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SMC3 gene. SMC3 is a subunit of the Cohesin complex which mediates sister chromatid cohesion, homologous recombination and DNA looping. Cohesin is formed of SMC3, SMC1, RAD21 and either SA1 or SA2. In humans, SMC3 is present in all cohesin complexes whereas there are multiple paralogs for the other subunits. SMC3 is a member of the SMC protein family. Members of this family are key regulators of DNA repair, chromosome condensation and chromosome segregation. Structure and interactions The domain organisation of SMC proteins is evolutionarily conserved and is composed of an N-terminal Walker A motif, coiled-coil, "hinge", coiled-coil and a C-terminal Walker B motif. The protein folds back on itself to form a rod-shaped molecule with a heterodimerisation "hinge" domain at one end and an ABC-type ATPase "head" at the other. These globular domains are separated by a ~50 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
SMC2
Structural maintenance of chromosomes protein 2 (SMC-2) also known as chromosome-associated protein E (CAP-E) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''SMC2'' gene. SMC-2 is a subunit of condensin I and II, large protein complexes involved in chromosome condensation. Interactions SMC2 has been shown to interact with DNMT3B DNA (cytosine-5)-methyltransferase 3 beta, is an enzyme that in humans in encoded by the DNMT3B gene. Mutation in this gene are associated with immunodeficiency, centromere instability and facial anomalies syndrome. Function CpG methylation i .... References Further reading * * * * * * * External links PDBe-KBprovides an overview of all the structure information available in the PDB for Human Structural maintenance of chromosomes protein 2 PDBe-KB provides an overview of all the structure information available in the PDB for Mouse Structural maintenance of chromosomes protein 2 {{Nucleus ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
SMC1B
Structural maintenance of chromosomes protein 1B (SMC-1B) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''SMC1B'' gene. SMC-1B belongs to a family of proteins required for chromatid cohesion and DNA recombination during meiosis and mitosis. SMC1ß protein appears to participate with other cohesins REC8, STAG3 and SMC3 in sister-chromatid cohesion throughout the whole meiotic process in human oocyte An oocyte (, ), oöcyte, or ovocyte is a female gametocyte or germ cell involved in reproduction. In other words, it is an immature ovum, or egg cell. An oocyte is produced in a female fetus in the ovary during female gametogenesis. The female ...s. References Further reading * * * * * * * {{Nucleus ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
SMC1A
Structural maintenance of chromosomes protein 1A (SMC1A) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''SMC1A'' gene. SMC1A is a subunit of the cohesin complex which mediates sister chromatid cohesion, homologous recombination and DNA looping. In somatic cells, cohesin is formed of SMC1A, SMC3, RAD21 and either SA1 or SA2 whereas in meiosis, cohesin is formed of SMC3, SMC1B, REC8 and SA3. SMC1A is a member of the SMC protein family. Members of this family are key regulators of DNA repair, chromosome condensation and chromosome segregation from bacteria to humans. Structure The domain organisation of SMC proteins is highly conserved and is composed of an N-terminal Walker A motif, coiled-coil, "hinge", coiled-coil and a C-terminal Walker B motif. The protein folds back on itself to form a rod-shaped molecule with a heterodimerisation "hinge" domain at one end and an ABC-type ATPase "head" at the other. These globular domains are separated by a ~50 nm anti-parallel ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hydrolysis
Hydrolysis (; ) is any chemical reaction in which a molecule of water breaks one or more chemical bonds. The term is used broadly for substitution reaction, substitution, elimination reaction, elimination, and solvation reactions in which water is the nucleophile. Biological hydrolysis is the cleavage of biomolecules where a water molecule is consumed to effect the separation of a larger molecule into component parts. When a carbohydrate is broken into its component sugar molecules by hydrolysis (e.g., sucrose being broken down into glucose and fructose), this is recognized as saccharification. Hydrolysis reactions can be the reverse of a condensation reaction in which two molecules join into a larger one and eject a water molecule. Thus hydrolysis adds water to break down, whereas condensation builds up by removing water. Types Usually hydrolysis is a chemical process in which a molecule of water is added to a substance. Sometimes this addition causes both the substance and w ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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