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Roper V. Simmons
''Roper v. Simmons'', 543 U.S. 551 (2005), was a landmark decision in which the Supreme Court of the United States held that it is unconstitutional to impose capital punishment for crimes committed while under the age of 18. The 5–4 decision overruled ''Stanford v. Kentucky'',. in which the court had upheld execution of offenders at or above age 16, and overturned statutes in 25 states. Background In 1993, in the state of Missouri, 17-year-old Christopher Simmons, along with two younger friends, Charles Benjamin and John Tessmer, concocted a plan to murder Shirley Nite Crook. The plan was to commit burglary and murder by breaking and entering, tying up a victim. The three met in the middle of the night; however, Tessmer dropped out of the plot. Simmons and Benjamin broke into Mrs. Nite Crook's home, bound her hands and covered her eyes. They drove her to a state park and threw her off a bridge. Later she was found dead by drowning; she was 46 years of age. Once the case was ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Missouri Circuit Courts
The Missouri Circuit Courts are the state trial courts of original jurisdiction and general jurisdiction of the state of Missouri. Jurisdiction The Missouri Constitution provides for the Circuit Courts in Article V, Judicial Department. List of circuits There are 46 judicial circuits, each with various divisions, including associate circuit, small claims, municipal, family, probate, criminal, and juvenile. Each circuit covers at least one of Missouri's 114 counties and one independent city, St. Louis. *1st Judicial Circuit – Clark County, Schuyler County, Scotland County *2nd Judicial Circuit – Adair County, Knox County, Lewis County *3rd Judicial Circuit – Grundy County, Harrison County, Mercer County, Putnam County *4th Judicial Circuit – Atchison County, Gentry County, Holt County, Nodaway County, Worth County *5th Judicial Circuit – Andrew County, Buchanan County *6th Judicial Circuit – Platte County *7th Judicial Circuit – Clay County *8t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
State Park
State parks are parks or other protected areas managed at the sub-national level within those nations which use "state" as a political subdivision. State parks are typically established by a state to preserve a location on account of its natural beauty, historic interest, or recreational potential. There are state parks under the administration of the government of each U.S. state, some of the political divisions of Mexico#States, Mexican states, and in Brazil. The term is also used in the Australian states of template:state parks of Victoria, Victoria and state parks of New South Wales, New South Wales. The equivalent term used in Canada, Argentina, South Africa, and Belgium, is provincial park. Similar systems of local government maintained parks exist in other countries, but the terminology varies. State parks are thus similar to national parks, but under state rather than federal administration. Similarly, local government entities below state level may maintain parks, e.g., r ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Virginia
Virginia, officially the Commonwealth of Virginia, is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Southeastern regions of the United States, between the Atlantic Coast and the Appalachian Mountains. The geography and climate of the Commonwealth are shaped by the Blue Ridge Mountains and the Chesapeake Bay, which provide habitat for much of its flora and fauna. The capital of the Commonwealth is Richmond; Virginia Beach is the most-populous city, and Fairfax County is the most-populous political subdivision. The Commonwealth's population was over 8.65million, with 36% of them living in the Baltimore–Washington metropolitan area. The area's history begins with several indigenous groups, including the Powhatan. In 1607, the London Company established the Colony of Virginia as the first permanent English colony in the New World. Virginia's state nickname, the Old Dominion, is a reference to this status. Slave labor and land acquired from displaced native tribes fueled the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Texas
Texas (, ; Spanish language, Spanish: ''Texas'', ''Tejas'') is a state in the South Central United States, South Central region of the United States. At 268,596 square miles (695,662 km2), and with more than 29.1 million residents in 2020, it is the second-largest U.S. state by both List of U.S. states and territories by area, area (after Alaska) and List of U.S. states and territories by population, population (after California). Texas shares borders with the states of Louisiana to the east, Arkansas to the northeast, Oklahoma to the north, New Mexico to the west, and the Mexico, Mexican States of Mexico, states of Chihuahua (state), Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo León, and Tamaulipas to the south and southwest; and has a coastline with the Gulf of Mexico to the southeast. Houston is the List of cities in Texas by population, most populous city in Texas and the List of United States cities by population, fourth-largest in the U.S., while San Antonio is the second most pop ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Oklahoma
Oklahoma (; Choctaw language, Choctaw: ; chr, ᎣᎧᎳᎰᎹ, ''Okalahoma'' ) is a U.S. state, state in the South Central United States, South Central region of the United States, bordered by Texas on the south and west, Kansas on the north, Missouri on the northeast, Arkansas on the east, New Mexico on the west, and Colorado on the northwest. Partially in the western extreme of the Upland South, it is the List of U.S. states and territories by area, 20th-most extensive and the List of U.S. states and territories by population, 28th-most populous of the 50 United States. Its residents are known as Oklahomans and its capital and largest city is Oklahoma City. The state's name is derived from the Choctaw language, Choctaw words , 'people' and , which translates as 'red'. Oklahoma is also known informally by its List of U.S. state and territory nicknames, nickname, "Sooners, The Sooner State", in reference to the settlers who staked their claims on land before the official op ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
List Of Juveniles Executed In The United States Since 1976
Capital punishment for juveniles in the United States existed until March 2, 2005, when the U.S. Supreme Court ruled it unconstitutional in '' Roper v. Simmons''. Prior to ''Roper'', there were 71 people on death row in the United States for crimes committed as juveniles. History Pre-''Furman'' Since 1642, in the Thirteen Colonies, the United States under the Articles of Confederation, and the United States under the Constitution, an estimated 364 juveniles have been put to death by the individual states (colonies, before 1776) and the federal government. The youngest person to be executed in the 20th century was Joe Persons, a boy executed in Georgia in 1915 at the age of 14 for the rape of an 8-year-old girl that he committed when he was only 13. The second youngest person to be executed was George Stinney, who was electrocuted in South Carolina at the age of 14 on June 16, 1944, after the bodies of two children (ages 7 and 11) were found close to his home. George ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Anthony Kennedy
Anthony McLeod Kennedy (born July 23, 1936) is an American lawyer and jurist who served as an associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States from 1988 until his retirement in 2018. He was nominated to the court in 1987 by President Ronald Reagan, and sworn in on February 18, 1988. After the retirement of Sandra Day O'Connor in 2006, he was the swing vote on many of the Roberts Court's 5–4 decisions. Born in Sacramento, California, Kennedy took over his father's legal practice in Sacramento after graduating from Harvard Law School. In 1975, President Gerald Ford appointed Kennedy to the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit. In November 1987, after two failed attempts at nominating a successor to Associate Justice Lewis F. Powell Jr., President Reagan nominated Kennedy to the Supreme Court. Kennedy won unanimous confirmation from the United States Senate in February 1988. Following the death of Antonin Scalia in February 2016, Kennedy becam ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Penry V
Penry may refer to: Surname *David Penry-Davey (1942–2015), Judge of the High Court of England and Wales *John Penry (1559–1593), Welsh Protestant *Johnny Paul Penry (born 1956), American rapist *Josh Penry (born 1976) American politician *Mary Penry (1735–1804), Welsh-born woman in colonial Pennsylvania *Peter Penry-Jones (1938–2009), Welsh actor * Richard Allen Penry (1948–1994), United States Army soldier *Rupert Penry-Jones (born 1970), English actor Given name * Penry Powell Palfrey (1830–1902), British stained glass designer and painter *Penry Williams (1866–1945), English politician * Penry Williams (artist) (1802–1885), Welsh artist *Penry Williams (historian) (1925-2013), Welsh historian * Penry Gustavson (born 1970), American politician See also *Penry v. Johnson ''Penry v. Johnson'', 532 U.S. 782 (2001), is a United States Supreme Court case which concerned whether instructions given to a Texas jury were constitutionally adequate to emphasize th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Thompson V
Thompson may refer to: People * Thompson (surname) * Thompson M. Scoon (1888–1953), New York politician Places Australia * Thompson Beach, South Australia, a locality Bulgaria * Thompson, Bulgaria, a village in Sofia Province Canada * Thompson, Manitoba * Thompson (electoral district), an electoral district in the above location * Rural Municipality of Thompson, Manitoba * Thompson River, a river in British Columbia ** Thompson Country, a region within the basin of the Thompson River ** Thompson Plateau, a landform in the Interior of British Columbia named for the Thompson River ** Thompson-Nicola Regional District, a regional district in British Columbia * Thompson Sound (British Columbia), a sound in the area of the Broughton Archipelago * Thompson Sound, British Columbia, an unincorporated locality at Thompson Sound * Thompson Station, Nova Scotia England * Thompson, Norfolk New Zealand * Thompson Sound (New Zealand), one of the indentations in the coas ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cruel And Unusual Punishment
Cruel and unusual punishment is a phrase in common law describing punishment that is considered unacceptable due to the suffering, pain, or humiliation it inflicts on the person subjected to the sanction. The precise definition varies by jurisdiction, but typically includes punishments that are arbitrary, unnecessary, overly severe compared to the crime, or not generally accepted in society. History The words cruel and unusual punishment were first used in the English Bill of Rights 1689. They were later also adopted in the United States by the Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution (ratified 1791) and in the British Leeward Islands (1798). Very similar words, "No one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment", appear in Article 5 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights adopted by the United Nations General Assembly on December 10, 1948. The right under a different formulation is also found in Article 3 of the Euro ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Intellectual Disability
Intellectual disability (ID), also known as general learning disability in the United Kingdom and formerly mental retardation,Rosa's Law, Pub. L. 111-256124 Stat. 2643(2010). is a generalized neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by significantly impaired intellectual and adaptive functioning. It is defined by an IQ under 70, in addition to deficits in two or more adaptive behaviors that affect everyday, general living. Intellectual functions are defined under DSM-V as reasoning, problem‑solving, planning, abstract thinking, judgment, academic learning, and learning from instruction and experience, and practical understanding confirmed by both clinical assessment and standardized tests. Adaptive behavior is defined in terms of conceptual, social, and practical skills involving tasks performed by people in their everyday lives. Intellectual disability is subdivided into syndromic intellectual disability, in which intellectual deficits associated with other medical and be ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Atkins V
Atkins may refer to: Places in the United States * Atkins, Arkansas, a city * Atkins, Iowa, a city * Atkins, Louisiana, an unincorporated community * Atkins, Nebraska, an unincorporated community * Atkins, Virginia, a census-designated place * Atkins, Wisconsin, an unincorporated community * Atkins Peak, in Yellowstone National Park Other uses * Atkins (surname) * Atkins Nutritional Approach, known as the Atkins diet * Atkins Nutritionals, a producer of low-carbohydrate packaged foods * Atkins, the largest engineering consultancy firm in the United Kingdom * Atkins baronets, in the Baronetage of England * Atkins High School, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, on the National Register of Historic Places * '' Atkins v. Virginia'', a case in which the United States Supreme Court ruled that executing individuals with intellectual disabilities violates the Eighth Amendment's ban on cruel and unusual punishments * J. J. Atkins, a thoroughbred horse race for two-year-olds held in Brisbane ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
