Roger Bernard II Of Foix
Roger Bernard II (c. 1195 – 26 May 1241), called the Great, was the list of counts of Foix, seventh count of Foix from 1223 until his death. He was the son and successor of the count Raimond-Roger of Foix, Raymond-Roger and his wife Philippa of Montcada. Albigensian crusade He made his name famous in 1217 when, for six weeks, he defended the castle of Montgrenier against the onslaught of Simon de Montfort, 5th Earl of Leicester. That same year, he distinguished himself at the Siege of Toulouse (1217–1218), siege of Toulouse. In 1220, he assisted his father in the recapture of Lavaur, Tarn, Lavaur and Puylaurens and was instrumental in helping his father retake his lost dominions. The resumption of Mirepoix, Ariège, Mirepoix wasn't accomplished until his own reign, however. At the moment of his accession, he and the new count of Toulouse, Raymond VII of Toulouse, Raymond VII, besieged Carcassonne. On 14 September 1224, the Albigensian Crusaders surrendered and the war ...
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Roger-Bernard II Of Foix
Roger Bernard II (c. 1195 – 26 May 1241), called the Great, was the seventh count of Foix from 1223 until his death. He was the son and successor of the count Raymond-Roger and his wife Philippa of Montcada. Albigensian crusade He made his name famous in 1217 when, for six weeks, he defended the castle of Montgrenier against the onslaught of Simon de Montfort, 5th Earl of Leicester. That same year, he distinguished himself at the siege of Toulouse. In 1220, he assisted his father in the recapture of Lavaur and Puylaurens and was instrumental in helping his father retake his lost dominions. The resumption of Mirepoix wasn't accomplished until his own reign, however. At the moment of his accession, he and the new count of Toulouse, Raymond VII, besieged Carcassonne. On 14 September 1224, the Albigensian Crusaders surrendered and the war came to an end, each southern lord making peace with the church. However, in 1226, the new king of France, Louis VIII, called ''the Lio ...
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Treaty Of Meaux
The Treaty of Paris, also known as Treaty of Meaux, was signed on 12 April 1229 between Raymond VII of Toulouse and Louis IX of France in Meaux near Paris. Louis was still a minor, and it was his mother Blanche of Castile, as regent, who was instrumental in forging the treaty. The agreement officially ended the Albigensian Crusade, and according to the terms of the treaty, Raymond's daughter Joan was to be married to Louis' brother Alphonse. Moreover, Raymond ceded the eastern provinces of his lands to Louis and the Marquisat de Provence to the Catholic church. The treaty also gave the Inquisition absolute power regarding searching for, and seizing of, heretics. Raymond ceded more than half his land to the French crown and retained the remainder only during his life, and it would then be inherited by his son-in-law Alphonse, Louis's brother or, if Alphonse had no heir, which occurred, by the French crown. Raymond regained his feudal rights but had to swear allegiance to Louis ...
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Religious Habit
A religious habit is a distinctive set of religious clothing worn by members of a religious order. Traditionally some plain garb recognizable as a religious habit has also been worn by those leading the religious eremitic and anchoritic life, although in their case without conformity to a particular uniform style. Uniformity and distinctiveness by order often evolved and changed over time. Interpretation of terms for clothes in religious rules could change over centuries. Furthermore, every time new communities gained importance in a cultural area the need for visual separation increased for new as well as old communities. Thus, modern habits are rooted in historic forms, but do not necessarily resemble them in cut, colour, material, detail or use. In Christian monastic orders of the Catholic, Lutheran and Anglican Churches, the habit often consists of a tunic covered by a scapular and cowl, with a hood for monks or friars and a veil for nuns; in apostolic orders it may be a ...
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Raimond II Trencavel
Raymond II Trencavel (also spelled Raimond; 1207 – 1263/1267) was the last ruler of the branch of the Trencavel viscounts of Béziers. His entire life was occupied by efforts to reverse the downfall the Trencavel had experienced during the Albigensian Crusade, but he ultimately failed. Raymond was only two years old when his father, Raymond Roger, died in prison on 10 November 1209. He would have automatically inherited the viscounties of Béziers, Carcassonne, Albi, and Razès, but Carcassonne was granted to Simon de Montfort immediately after Raymond Roger's death and Albi was granted to him in June 1210.Graham-Leigh, 44. On 25 November 1209, Agnes, Raymond's mother and guardian, relinquished her dowry in the Pézenas and Tourbes, which would have gone to Raymond, to Simon in exchange for a pension of 3,000 ''solidi'' annually and compensation of 25,000 ''solidi'' for her dowry, to be made in four annual payments. When Raymond was only three, his mother negotiated the s ...
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Inquisition
The Inquisition was a group of institutions within the Catholic Church whose aim was to combat heresy, conducting trials of suspected heretics. Studies of the records have found that the overwhelming majority of sentences consisted of penances, but convictions of unrepentant heresy were handed over to the secular courts, which generally resulted in execution or life imprisonment. The Inquisition had its start in the 12th-century Kingdom of France, with the aim of combating religious deviation (e.g. apostasy or heresy), particularly among the Cathars and the Waldensians. The inquisitorial courts from this time until the mid-15th century are together known as the Medieval Inquisition. Other groups investigated during the Medieval Inquisition, which primarily took place in France and Italy, include the Spiritual Franciscans, the Hussites, and the Beguines. Beginning in the 1250s, inquisitors were generally chosen from members of the Dominican Order, replacing the earlier practice ...
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Bishop Of Urgel
The Diocese of Urgell is a diocese in Catalonia (Spain) and Andorra in the historical County of Urgell,"Diocese of Urgell"
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Catholic-Hierarchy.org

''. David M. Cheney. Retrieved February 29, 2016"Diocese of Urgell"
''GCatholic.org''. Gabriel Chow. Retrieved February 29, 2016 with origins in the fifth century AD or possibly earlier. It is based in the region of the historical County of ...
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Urgell
Modern-day Urgell (), also known as ''Baix Urgell'' (''baix'' meaning "lower", by contrast with Alt Urgell "Higher Urgell"), is a ''comarca'' (county) in Catalonia, Spain, forming only a borderland portion of the region historically known as Urgell, one of the Catalan counties. Municipalities See also * Counts of Urgell * County of Urgell * La Seu d'Urgell * Pla d'Urgell * Roman Catholic Diocese of Urgell The Diocese of Urgell is a diocese in Catalonia (Spain) and Andorra in the historical County of Urgell,

Andorra
, image_flag = Flag of Andorra.svg , image_coat = Coat of arms of Andorra.svg , symbol_type = Coat of arms , national_motto = la, Virtus Unita Fortior, label=none (Latin)"United virtue is stronger" , national_anthem = "The Great Charlemagne" , image_map = Location Andorra Europe.png , map_caption = , image_map2 = , capital = Andorra la Vella , coordinates = , largest_city = capital , official_languages = Catalan , ethnic_groups = , ethnic_groups_year = 2017 , religion = Christianity (Catholicism) , religion_ref = , demonym = Andorran , government_type = constitutional elective diarchy , leader_title1 = Co-Princes , leader_name1 = , leader_title2 = Representatives , leader_name2 = , leader_title3 = Prime Minister ...
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Álvaro, Count Of Urgell
Álvaro (1239 in Burgos – 1268 in Foix), called ''Àlvar el Castellà'' ("the Castilian") in Catalan, was the Count of Urgell and Viscount of Àger from 1243. He was the son of Ponç I and succeeded his brother Ermengol IX within a year of their father's death. Upon inheriting the county of Urgell, he exchanged his birth name, Rodrigo, for Álvaro and married Constance of Montcada, a relative of the ruling family of Béarn, at the order of James I of Aragon in 1253. However, he detested this marriage and had it annulled, marrying Cecilia of Foix, daughter of Roger-Bernard II of Foix, in 1256. This was to be the source of great enmity and conflict between the houses of Béarn and Foix. The House of Barcelona supported the Bearnese. In 1259, Álvaro breached his feudal obligations to the king of Aragon and brought down the royal wrath on his principality: the seneschal Pere de Montcada invaded and occupied Ponts. In 1267, the king of Aragon intervened again, this time in ...
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Roger IV Of Foix
Roger IV (died 24 February 1265), son and successor of Roger-Bernard II the Great, was the eighth count of Foix from 1241 to his death. His reign began with the south again at war with the north in France and, though he was reluctant to join his father's old ally, Raymond VII of Toulouse, in revolt and he did not aid the king of England, Henry III, in his Saintonge War. Roger IV was a vassal of both the count of Toulouse (for his county of Foix) and the king of France (for his Carcassonne lands), then Louis IX. His loyalty to the king, however, took precedence and war broke out with Raymond VII (October 1242). Although Raymond was forced to submit to the king on 30 November, the war with Roger continued until January 1243, when the king ended it. The count of Foix was now solely a vassal of the king and Raymond spent the rest of his life (until 1249) trying to retrieve Roger's homage, to no avail. Like his father, Roger IV had troubles with the church and the bishop of Urgel ...
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Cathar
Catharism (; from the grc, καθαροί, katharoi, "the pure ones") was a Christian dualist or Gnostic movement between the 12th and 14th centuries which thrived in Southern Europe, particularly in northern Italy and southern France. Followers were described as Cathars and referred to themselves as Good Christians; in modern times, they are mainly remembered for a prolonged period of religious persecution by the Catholic Church, which did not recognize their unorthodox Christianity. Catharism emerged in Western Europe in the Languedoc region of southern France in the 11th century. Adherents were sometimes referred to as Albigensians, after the French city Albi where the movement first took hold. Catharism was initially taught by ascetic leaders who set few guidelines, leading some Catharist practices and beliefs to vary by region and over time. The movement was greatly influenced by the Bogomils of the First Bulgarian Empire, and may have originated in the Byzantine Empire, ...
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