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Reis ül-Küttab
The ''Reis ül-Küttab'' ( ota, رئيس الكتاب), or ''Reis Efendi'' (), was a senior post in the administration of the Ottoman Empire. Translated as "chief of the scribes" or "head clerk", the holder of the post was originally the head of the chancery of the Imperial Council, evolving into an analogue to a Foreign Minister. In 1836, the title of ''reis ül-küttab'' was formally changed to Foreign Minister (''Hariciye Nazırı'') with the establishment of the Ottoman Ministry of Foreign Affairs during the Tanzimat reforms. Establishment and evolution The office is first attested in the early 1520s, and was in all likelihood a creation of Sultan Suleyman the Magnificent (r. 1520–66), although it may have existed for far longer than that as a junior post attached to the government. As its name attests—''reis ül-küttab'' means as much as "head scribe" or "head clerk"—the post was in charge of the clerks of the Imperial Council (''divan-ı hümayun''), which formed ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Reis Efendi
Reis may refer to : *Reis (surname), a Portuguese and German surname *Reis (military rank), an Ottoman military rank and obscure Lebanese/Syrian noble title Currency *Portuguese Indian rupia (subdivided into ''réis''), the currency of Portuguese India until 1958 *Portuguese real (plural ''reis'' or ''réis''), the former currency of Portugal People *Reis (footballer, born 1988), Deivdy Reis Marques do Nascimento, Brazilian football forward *Reis (footballer, born 1993), Isnairo Reis Silva Morais, Brazilian football midfielder Places * Reis Township, Polk County, Minnesota, U.S.A. *Dirce Reis, São Paulo, Brazil *Angra dos Reis, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil *Reis Magos, former name of Nova Almeida, Espírito Santo, Brazil **Reis Magos (river), a river at whose mouth the town of Nova Almeida stands *Caldas de Reis, Spain *Reis Magos, Goa, India Other uses * ''Reis'' (film), a biography film from 2017 about the President of Turkey, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan *Hakan Ayik, also known as Haka ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Timar
A timar was a land grant by the sultans of the Ottoman Empire between the fourteenth and sixteenth centuries, with an annual tax revenue of less than 20,000 akçes. The revenues produced from the land acted as compensation for military service. A holder of a timar was known as a timariot. If the revenues produced from the timar were from 20,000 to 100,000 ''akçes'', the land grant was called a ''zeamet'', and if they were above 100,000 ''akçes'', the grant would be called a ''hass''.Hütteroth and Abdulfattah, 1977, p. 99 Timar system In the Ottoman Empire, the timar system was one in which the projected revenue of a conquered territory was distributed in the form of temporary land grants among the Sipahis (cavalrymen) and other members of the military class including Janissaries and other kuls (slaves) of the sultan. These prebends were given as compensation for annual military service, for which they received no pay. In rare circumstances women could become timar holders. H ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Government Of The Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman Empire developed over the years as a despotism with the Sultan as the supreme ruler of a centralized government that had an effective control of its provinces, officials and inhabitants. Wealth and rank could be inherited but were just as often earned. Positions were perceived as titles, such as viziers and ''aghas''. Military service was a key to many problems. The expansion of the Empire called for a systematic administrative organization that developed into a dual system of military ("Central Government") and civil administration ("Provincial System") and developed a kind of separation of powers: higher executive functions were carried out by the military authorities and judicial and basic administration were carried out by civil authorities. Outside this system were various types of vassal and tributary states. Most of the areas ruled by the Ottomans were explicitly mentioned in the official full style of the sultan, including various lofty titles adopted to ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Reis ül-Küttab
The ''Reis ül-Küttab'' ( ota, رئيس الكتاب), or ''Reis Efendi'' (), was a senior post in the administration of the Ottoman Empire. Translated as "chief of the scribes" or "head clerk", the holder of the post was originally the head of the chancery of the Imperial Council, evolving into an analogue to a Foreign Minister. In 1836, the title of ''reis ül-küttab'' was formally changed to Foreign Minister (''Hariciye Nazırı'') with the establishment of the Ottoman Ministry of Foreign Affairs during the Tanzimat reforms. Establishment and evolution The office is first attested in the early 1520s, and was in all likelihood a creation of Sultan Suleyman the Magnificent (r. 1520–66), although it may have existed for far longer than that as a junior post attached to the government. As its name attests—''reis ül-küttab'' means as much as "head scribe" or "head clerk"—the post was in charge of the clerks of the Imperial Council (''divan-ı hümayun''), which formed ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mehmed Said Galib Pasha
Mehmed Said Galip Pasha ( Modern Turkish: ''Mehmet Sait Galip Paşa''; 1763/1764, Constantinople (Istanbul) – 1829, Balıkesir) was an Ottoman statesman. He was Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire from 13 December 1823 to 14 September 1824. He was a signatory of the Treaty of Paris (1802) with France, ending the French campaign in Egypt and Syria The French campaign in Egypt and Syria (1798–1801) was Napoleon Bonaparte's campaign in the Ottoman territories of Egypt and Syria, proclaimed to defend French trade interests, to establish scientific enterprise in the region. It was the .... References 1829 deaths 19th-century Grand Viziers of the Ottoman Empire Ottoman people of the Greek War of Independence 1760s births Reis ül-Küttab {{Ottoman-bio-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Halil Hamid Pasha
Halil Hamid Pasha, also Halil Hamit Paşa (1736–1785) was the grand vizier of the Ottoman Empire from 31 December 1782 to 30 April 1785. He was of Bosnian origin. He was especially instrumental in inviting foreign experts, especially French ones, to the Ottoman Empire from 1784. As a result, French missions were sent to the Ottoman Empire to train the Ottoman Navy in naval warfare and fortification building. Up to the French revolution in 1789, about 300 French artillery officers and engineers were active in the Ottoman Empire to modernize and train artillery units.''Ottoman wars 1700-1870: an empire besieged'' by Virginia H. Aksan p.20/ref> From 1784, André-Joseph Lafitte-Clavé and Joseph-Monnier de Courtois instructed engineering drawings and techniques in the new Turkish engineering school ''Mühendishâne-i Hümâyûn'' established by Halil Hamid Pasha. Mostly French textbooks were used on mathematics, astronomy, engineering, weapons, war techniques and navigation. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Koca Ragıp Pasha
Koca Mehmet Ragıp Pasha (1698–1763) was an Ottoman statesman who served as a civil servant before 1744 as the provincial governor of Egypt from 1744 to 1748 and Grand Vizier from 1757 to 1763. He was also known as a poet. His epithet ''Koca'' means "great" or "giant" in Turkish. Early years His father was Şevki Mustafa, a bureaucrat in the Ottoman Empire. After completing his education, Mehmet Ragıp worked in various parts of the empire as a civil servant. He served as the chief treasurer in Baghdad (then a part of the Ottoman Empire). He was a member of Ottoman representatives in the Treaty of Belgrade in 1739. He was promoted to the post of ''reis ül-küttab'' (equivalent to a modern foreign minister) in 1740. He was the governor of Ottoman Egypt from 1744 to 1748, when he was forced to step down by local troops. As Grand Vizier He was appointed as Grand Vizier on 12 January 1757 by the sultan Osman III. When Osman III died ten months later, Mehmet Ragıp Pasha con ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Naili Abdullah Pasha
Naili Abdullah Pasha (died August 1758) was an Ottoman Grand Vizier. Naili Abdullah was a Turk from Constantinople and took a job in Ottoman bureaucracy. After several minor posts, he was appointed as the '' reis ül-küttab'' (chief of clerks, a post analogous to foreign minister in this period) in 1747, during the reign of Mahmud I. Eight years later, on May 19, 1755, during the reign of Osman III, he was appointed as the Grand Vizier, the highest post of the empire next to that of the sultan. However, Osman III was a weak sultan and was under the influence of Nişancı Ali Pasha, Naili Abdullah's rival. Naili Abdullah Pasha was dismissed by the sultan after only three months in the office on August 24, 1755. He was then appointed as the governor of Crete. Three years later, he was appointed the governor of Jeddah (in modern Saudi Arabia) upon his request. However, he died in Medina Medina,, ', "the radiant city"; or , ', (), "the city" officially Al Madinah Al Munawwara ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Selim III
Selim III ( ota, سليم ثالث, Selim-i sâlis; tr, III. Selim; was the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1789 to 1807. Regarded as an enlightened ruler, the Janissaries eventually deposed and imprisoned him, and placed his cousin Mustafa on the throne as Mustafa IV. Selim was subsequently killed by a group of assassins. Early life Selim III was the son of Sultan Mustafa III and his wife Mihrişah Sultan. His mother Mihrişah Sultan originated in Georgia, and when she became the Valide Sultan, she participated in reforming the government schools and establishing political corporations. His father Ottoman Sultan Mustafa III was very well educated and believed in the necessity of reforms. Mustafa III attempted to create a powerful army during the peacetime with professional, well-educated soldiers. This was primarily motivated by his fear of a Russian invasion. During the Russo-Turkish War, he fell ill and died of a heart attack in 1774. Sultan Mustafa was aware of the f ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rami Mehmed Pasha
Rami Mehmed Pasha (1645–1706) was an Ottoman statesman and poet who served as Grand Vizier (1703) and governor of Cyprus and of Egypt (1704–06). He was known as a poet of divan literature (the epithet Rami, meaning "Obedient", is his pen name in his poems). Early years He was born in 1645 in Constantinople to Terazici Hasan Aga. After completing his education, he started his career as a bureaucrat. In 1690, he was appointed as a clerk in the office of the ''reis ül-küttab''. In 1696, he was promoted to be the ''reis ül-küttab'' (a post roughly equivalent to foreign minister) and three years later he represented the Ottoman Empire in the peace talks of the Treaty of Karlowitz which ended the War of the Holy League.Ayhan Buz: ''Osmanlı sadrazamları'', Neden Kitap, İstanbul, 2009 , pp 154-156 The Ottoman Empire was defeated in the war, but Mehmed Rami tried his best to minimize the losses. As a grand vizier On January 25, 1703, he was promoted to the post of Grand ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Treaty Of Karlowitz
The Treaty of Karlowitz was signed in Karlowitz, Military Frontier of Archduchy of Austria (present-day Sremski Karlovci, Serbia), on 26 January 1699, concluding the Great Turkish War of 1683–1697 in which the Ottoman Empire was defeated by the Holy League at the Battle of Zenta. It marks the end of Ottoman control in much of Central Europe, with their first major territorial losses, beginning the reversal of four centuries of expansion (1299–1683), and established the Habsburg monarchy as the dominant power of the region. Context and terms Following a two-month congress between the Ottoman Empire on one side and the Holy League of 1684, a coalition of the Holy Roman Empire, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, the Republic of Venice and Peter the Great, Tsar of Russia, a peace treaty was signed on 26 January 1699. On the basis of ', the treaty confirmed the territorial holdings of each power. The Habsburgs received from the Ottomans the Eğri Eyalet, Varat Eyalet, much ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Foreign Relations Of The Ottoman Empire
The foreign relations of the Ottoman Empire were characterized by competition with the Persian Empire to the east, Russia to the north, and Austria to the west. The control over European minorities began to collapse after 1800, with Greece being the first to break free, followed by Serbia. Egypt was lost in 1798–1805. In the early 20th century Austria-Hungary annexed Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Bulgarian Declaration of Independence soon followed. The Ottomans lost nearly all their European territory in the First Balkan War (1912–1913). The Ottoman Empire allied itself with Germany in the First World War, and lost. The British successfully mobilized Arab nationalism. The Ottoman Empire thereby lost its Arab possessions, and itself soon collapsed in the early 1920s. For the period after 1923 see Foreign relations of Turkey. Structure The Ottoman Empire's diplomatic structure was unconventional and departed in many ways from its European counterparts. Traditionally, foreign aff ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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