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Russian Machism
Russian Machism (//) was a term applied to a variety political/philosophical viewpoints which emerged in Imperial Russia in the beginning of the twentieth century before the Russian Revolution. They shared an interest in the scientific and philosophical insights of Ernst Mach. Many, but not all, of the Russian Machists were Marxists, and some viewed Machism as an essential ingredient of a materialist outlook on the world. The term came into use around 1905, primarily as a polemical expression used by Lenin and Georgi Plekhanov. With a shared desire to defend an "orthodox" account of Marxism, from their differing perspective they both divided the opponents of this putative orthodoxy into the "idealists" and the "Machists". The term remained a signifier of Marxist-Leninist opprobrium from the 1920s through into the 1970s. This was shown by Alexander Maximov use of the term to criticise Boris Hessen in 1928. It can also be seen in Evald Ilyenkov's chapter on "Marxism against Machism as ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Imperial Russia
The Russian Empire was an empire and the final period of the List of Russian monarchs, Russian monarchy from 1721 to 1917, ruling across large parts of Eurasia. It succeeded the Tsardom of Russia following the Treaty of Nystad, which ended the Great Northern War. The rise of the Russian Empire coincided with the decline of neighbouring rival powers: the Swedish Empire, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, Qajar Iran, the Ottoman Empire, and Qing dynasty, Qing China. It also held colonies in North America between 1799 and 1867. Covering an area of approximately , it remains the list of largest empires, third-largest empire in history, surpassed only by the British Empire and the Mongol Empire; it ruled over a population of 125.6 million people per the Russian Empire Census, 1897 Russian census, which was the only census carried out during the entire imperial period. Owing to its geographic extent across three continents at its peak, it featured great ethnic, linguistic, re ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sergei Askol'dov
Sergius is a male given name of Ancient Roman origin after the name of the Latin ''gens'' Sergia or Sergii of regal and republican ages. It is a common Christian name, in honor of Saint Sergius, or in Russia, of Saint Sergius of Radonezh, and has been the name of four popes. It has given rise to numerous variants, present today mainly in the Romance (Serge, Sergio, Sergi) and Slavic languages (Serhii, Sergey, Serguei). It is not common in English, although the Anglo-French name Sergeant is possibly related to it. Etymology The name originates from the Roman ''nomen'' (patrician family name) ''Sergius'', after the name of the Roman ''gens'' of Latin origins Sergia or Sergii from Alba Longa, Old Latium, counted by Theodor Mommsen as one of the oldest Roman families, one of the original 100 ''gentes originarie''. It has been speculated to derive from a more ancient Etruscan name but the etymology of the nomen Sergius is problematic. Chase hesitantly suggests a connection with t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sergei Suvorov
Sergei Alexandrovich Suvorov (russian: Сергей Александрович Суворов; 1869 – 15 June 1918) was a Russian statistician, philosopher and revolutionary. Suvorov was attracted to the revolutionary movement in the 1890s and he participated in a Marxist study circle with Nikolai Fedoseev. He joined the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (RSDLP) in 1900. He took part in the 1905 Revolution. He was a delegate to the 4th Congress of the RSDLP in 1906. Here he spoke about the Agrarian programme. He was one of the Russian Machists contributing several works to the philosophical debate including ''Studies in the Philosophy of Marxism''. He was a member of the Yaroslavl Soviet of Workers' Deputies. He died in the fighting in that city during the Russian Civil War , date = October Revolution, 7 November 1917 – Yakut revolt, 16 June 1923{{Efn, The main phase ended on 25 October 1922. Revolt against the Bolsheviks continued Basmachi movement, in Ce ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Boris Hessen
Boris Mikhailovich Hessen (russian: Бори́с Миха́йлович Ге́ссен), also Gessen (16 August 1893, Elisavetgrad – 20 December 1936, Moscow), was a USSR, Soviet physicist, philosophy, philosopher and History of science, historian of science. He is most famous for his paper on Isaac Newton, Newton's ''Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica, Principia'' which became foundational in historiography of science. Biography Boris Hessen was born to a Jewish family in Elisavetgrad, in the Kherson Governorate of the Russian Empire (now Kropyvnytskyi, Ukraine). He studied physics and natural sciences at the University of Edinburgh (1913—1914) together with his Gymnasium (school), gymnasium school friend Igor Tamm. He then went to study at the St. Petersburg University (1914—1917). He enlisted in the Red Army in the Russian Civil War, joined the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, Communist Party in 1919 and became a member of the Revolutionary Military Cou ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Osip Gelfond
Osip Isaakovich Gelfond (russian: link=no, Осип Ге́льфонд) (1868–1942) was a Russian physician and Marxist philosopher. Osip studied at the University of Sorbonne, gaining a medical degree in 1896. He married Musia Gershevna in 1899, who had also recently graduated with a medical degree from the Sorbonne. Gelfond was friends with Anatoly Lunacharsky, Lazar Lagin and Lev Tumarkin. He participated in a seminar held in St Petersburg in 1908 by the Russian Machists which led to the publication of ''Studies in the Philosophy of Marxism''. He was the father of Alexander Gelfond Alexander Osipovich Gelfond (russian: Алекса́ндр О́сипович Ге́льфонд; 24 October 1906 – 7 November 1968) was a Soviet Union, Soviet mathematician. Gelfond–Schneider theorem, Gelfond's theorem, also known as the G ..., born in 1906. References Russian Marxists Russian people of Jewish descent 1868 births 1942 deaths {{Russia-bio-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Alexander Bogdanov
Alexander Aleksandrovich Bogdanov (russian: Алекса́ндр Алекса́ндрович Богда́нов; – 7 April 1928), born Alexander Malinovsky, was a Russian and later Soviet physician, philosopher, science fiction writer, and Bolshevik revolutionary. He was a key figure in the early history of the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party (later the Communist Party of the Soviet Union), originally established 1898, and of its Bolshevik faction. Bogdanov co-founded the Bolsheviks in 1903, when they split with the Menshevik faction. He was a rival within the Bolsheviks to Vladimir Lenin (1870–1924), until being expelled in 1909 and founding his own faction Vpered. Following the Russian Revolutions of 1917, when the Bolsheviks came to power in the collapsing Russian Republic, during the first decade of the subsequent Soviet Union in the 1920s, he was an influential opponent of the Bolshevik government and Lenin from a Marxist leftist perspective. Bogdanov received ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jakov Berman
Jakov Alexandrovich Berman (Russian: Я́ков Алекса́ндрович Берма́н; 15 January 1868 – 1933) was a Russian people, Russian philosopher and political theorist linked to Russian Machism and pragmatism. In 1908 he published ''Dialectics in the Light of the Modern Theory of Knowledge'' and also contributed to ''Studies in the Philosophy of Marxism'', an anthology of works by Russian Marxist Machists, which Lenin criticised in ''Materialism and Empirio-Criticism''. Lenin also criticised his ''Dialectics in the Light of the Modern Theory of Knowledge''. In 1911 Berman published ''The Essence of Pragmatism''. After the Bolshevik seizure of power, he joined the Russian Communist Party (Bolshevik) and continued his academic career. References {{DEFAULTSORT:Berman, Jakov 1868 births 1933 deaths 20th-century Russian philosophers Marxist theorists Pragmatists ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Vladimir Bazarov
Vladimir Alexandrovich Bazarov (Russian: Влади́мир Алекса́ндрович База́ров; 8 August Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates">O._S._27_July.html" ;"title="Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates.html" ;"title="nowiki/>Old Style and New Style dates">O. S. 27 July">Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates.html" ;"title="nowiki/>Old Style and New Style dates">O. S. 27 July1874 – 16 September 1939) was a Russian Marxist revolutionary, journalist, philosopher, and economist, born Vladimir Alexandrovich Rudnev. Bazarov is best remembered as a pioneer in the development of economic planning in the Soviet Union. He was one of the Russian Machism, Russian Machists, as Lenin dubbed the term, and was a close friend to Alexander Bogdanov. Early career Early years Vladimir Alexandrovich Rudnev was born on 8 August 1874 (N.S.) in Tula, Russian Empire. The son of a doctor, A. M. Rudnev, he enrolled in the Tula classical gimnaziia (high school) in 1884, and graduated in the spring of 189 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nikolai Valentinov
Nikolai Vladislavovich Valentinov (Rusaian: Николай Владиславович Валентинов; 18 May, 1880 – 26 July, 1964) was a Russian philosopher, journalist and economist. A member of the Russian Social Democratic Workers' Party (RSDRP), he was an exponent of empirio-criticism. He was also known as Nikolai Valentinov-Volski and, later, as E. Yurevski. Biography Early years Nikolai Vladislavovich Volski was born in Morshansk, in the Tambov Governorate of the Russian empire, in 1879. His family was of Lithuanian origin. As a student at the St. Petersburg Technological Institute, Volski became involved in the revolutionary movement. At first he sympathised with the Narodniki (populists) and became affiliated with some of the early Socialist-Revolutionary circles. Later he discovered Marxism and became involved in the Social-Democratic party. In 1898, Volski was arrested and banished to Ufa. In 1900, after his release, he moved to Kiev, where he attended ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Vladimir Lenin
Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov. ( 1870 – 21 January 1924), better known as Vladimir Lenin,. was a Russian revolutionary, politician, and political theorist. He served as the first and founding head of government of Soviet Russia from 1917 to 1924 and of the Soviet Union from 1922 to 1924. Under his administration, Russia, and later the Soviet Union, became a one-party socialist state governed by the Communist Party. Ideologically a Marxist, his developments to the ideology are called Leninism. Born to an upper-middle-class family in Simbirsk, Lenin embraced revolutionary socialist politics following his brother's 1887 execution. Expelled from Kazan Imperial University for participating in protests against the Russian Empire's Tsarist government, he devoted the following years to a law degree. He moved to Saint Petersburg in 1893 and became a senior Marxist activist. In 1897, he was arrested for sedition and exiled to Shushenskoye in Siberia for three years, where he married ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Studies In The Philosophy Of Marxism
''Studies in the Philosophy of Marxism'' (russian: Очерки по философии марксизма) was an account of a seminar held by Vladimir Bazarov, Alexander Bogdanov, Anatoly Lunacharsky, Jakov Berman, Osip Gelfond, Pavel Yushkevich and Sergey Suvorov published in St Petersburg Saint Petersburg ( rus, links=no, Санкт-Петербург, a=Ru-Sankt Peterburg Leningrad Petrograd Piter.ogg, r=Sankt-Peterburg, p=ˈsankt pʲɪtʲɪrˈburk), formerly known as Petrograd (1914–1924) and later Leningrad (1924–1991), i ... in 1908. Foundations of Social Philosophy The last article was by Suvorov where he develops a Real-monistic philosophy: : “In the gradation of the laws that regulate the world process, the particular and complex become reduced to the general and simple, and all of them are subordinate to the universal law of development—''the law of the economy of forces''. The essence of this law is that ''every system of forces is the more capable of cons ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Positivism
Positivism is an empiricist philosophical theory that holds that all genuine knowledge is either true by definition or positive—meaning ''a posteriori'' facts derived by reason and logic from sensory experience.John J. Macionis, Linda M. Gerber, ''Sociology'', Seventh Canadian Edition, Pearson Canada Other ways of knowing, such as theology, metaphysics, intuition, or introspection, are rejected or considered meaningless. Although the positivist approach has been a recurrent theme in the history of western thought, modern positivism was first articulated in the early 19th century by Auguste Comte.. His school of sociological positivism holds that society, like the physical world, operates according to general laws. After Comte, positivist schools arose in logic, psychology, economics, historiography, and other fields of thought. Generally, positivists attempted to introduce scientific methods to their respective fields. Since the turn of the 20th century, positivism has de ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
