Russian-Ukrainian Information War
A Russian concept of information war against Ukraine was first enunciated by Valery Gerasimov in 2013 to describe a Western information war that he believed Russia needed to counter. He believed that color revolutions and the Arab Spring had been instigated by Western governments, and posed a threat to the Russian Federation. His definition reflected his assessment of Western involvement in these events, particularly in the 2011–2013 Russian protests. "Informatsionnaya voyna" () includes cyberwarfare, usually framed as technical defenses to technical attacks in warfare, but only as one of many strategies. Russia's information war continuously seeks strategic victory and reflexive control through tools as diverse as undersea communications cables, national origin stories, control of the news cycle, or polluting an information space with Russian bots and trolls. In part due to censorship, which has effectively shut down all but government-controlled media in Russia, Kremlin me ...
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