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Robotnik (1894–1939)
''Robotnik'' (; ''The Worker'') was the ''bibuła'' (underground) newspaper published by the Polish Socialist Party (PPS), and distributed in most major cities and towns in Poland during the Partitions. ''Robotnik'' was first published on 12 July 1894 in Lipniszki near Wilno in the amount of 1,200 copies, by the local branch of the then-illegal PPS, led by the future Chief of State of the Second Polish Republic, Józef Piłsudski. Among its other editors was Stanisław Wojciechowski, future president of Poland. In order to throw the ochrana secret police and regular Russian police off track, the newspaper was first distributed in Warsaw. Piłdsudski would become one of the chief editors and writers for the newspaper, and he often spent most of the day at the printing press. In 1900 the police managed to find the printing press, leading to the arrest, sentencing, and imprisonment of Józef Piłsudski and several other members of PPS (including his wife, Maria Piłsudska), alt ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Newspaper
A newspaper is a periodical publication containing written information about current events and is often typed in black ink with a white or gray background. Newspapers can cover a wide variety of fields such as politics, business, sports and art, and often include materials such as opinion columns, weather forecasts, reviews of local services, obituaries, birth notices, crosswords, editorial cartoons, comic strips, and advice columns. Most newspapers are businesses, and they pay their expenses with a mixture of subscription revenue, newsstand sales, and advertising revenue. The journalism organizations that publish newspapers are themselves often metonymically called newspapers. Newspapers have traditionally been published in print (usually on cheap, low-grade paper called newsprint). However, today most newspapers are also published on websites as online newspapers, and some have even abandoned their print versions entirely. Newspapers developed in the 17th century ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Russian Police
The Police of Russia () is the national law-enforcement agency in Russia, operating under the Ministry of Internal Affairs from . It was established by decree from Peter the Great and in 2011, replacing the Militsiya, the former police service. It is the national police service of Russia that operates according to the law “ On police” (Закон "о полиции"), as approved by the Federal Assembly, and subsequently signed into law on February 7, 2011, by then President of the Russian Federation, Dmitry Medvedev. History The system was created to protect the public order and to fight against crime in the Russian Empire. It was re-organized on March 1, 2011, under the Russian Federation (except for existing structures not related to the Ministry of Internal Affairs). 16th century In 1504, cheval de frise were installed in Moscow, under which the guards, drawn from the local population, were stationed. The city was divided into areas, between which gates with latti ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Newspaper Circulation
Print circulation is the average number of copies of a publication. The number of copies of a non-periodical publication (such as a book) are usually called print run. Circulation is not always the same as copies sold, often called paid circulation, since some issues are distributed without cost to the reader. Readership figures are usually higher than circulation figures because of the assumption that a typical copy is read by more than one person. Concept Print circulation is a good proxy measure of print readership and is thus one of the principal factors used to set print advertising rates (prices). In many countries, circulations are audited by independent bodies such as the Audit Bureau of Circulations to assure advertisers that a given newspaper does reach the number of people claimed by the publisher. There are international open access directories such as ''Mondo Times'', but these generally rely on numbers reported by newspapers themselves. World newspapers with th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jan Nepomucen Miller
Jan, JaN or JAN may refer to: Acronyms * Jackson, Mississippi (Amtrak station), US, Amtrak station code JAN * Jackson-Evers International Airport, Mississippi, US, IATA code * Jabhat al-Nusra (JaN), a Syrian militant group * Japanese Article Number, a barcode standard compatible with EAN * Japanese Accepted Name, a Japanese nonproprietary drug name * Job Accommodation Network, US, for people with disabilities * ''Joint Army-Navy'', US standards for electronic color codes, etc. * '' Journal of Advanced Nursing'' Personal name * Jan (name), male variant of ''John'', female shortened form of ''Janet'' and ''Janice'' * Jan (Persian name), Persian word meaning 'life', 'soul', 'dear'; also used as a name * Ran (surname), romanized from Mandarin as Jan in Wade–Giles * Ján, Slovak name Other uses * January, as an abbreviation for the first month of the year in the Gregorian calendar * Jan (cards), a term in some card games when a player loses without taking any tricks or scoring ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cezary Jellenta
Cezary is the Polish version of the given name Caesar. Notable people with the name include: *Cezary Balicki (born 1958), Polish bridge player *Cezary Czpak (born 1982), Polish footballer, playing as a midfielder *Cezary Geroń (1960–1998), Polish poet, journalist, translator and teacher *Cezary Grabarczyk (born 1960), Polish politician *Cezary Kucharski (born 1972), Polish football player *Cezary Ostrowski (born 1962), Polish composer, musician, songwriter, author, visual artist and journalist *Cezary Pazura (born 1962), Polish actor known for comedy roles in movies such as ''Kiler'', ''Chłopaki nie płaczą'', etc. *Cezary Skubiszewski (born 1949), Poland-born Australian composer for film, television and orchestra *Cezary Trybański (born 1979), Polish basketball player * Cezary Wilk (born 1986), Polish footballer (midfielder) *Cezary Zamana Cezary Zamana (born 14 November 1967 in Ełk, Poland) is a former professional road racing cyclist from Ełk, Poland. Major results ; ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Karol Irzykowski
Karol Irzykowski (23 January 1873 – 2 November 1944) was a Polish writer, literary critic, film theoretician, and chess player. Between 1933–1939 in the Second Polish Republic he was a member of the prestigious Polish Academy of Literature founded by the decree of the Council of Ministers. Life Irzykowski was born in Błaszkowa, near Pilzno. He came from an aristocratic land-owning family that had fallen on hard times. From 1889 to 1893, he studied Germanistics in Lwów (Lemberg). From 1894 to 1895, he worked occasionally as a teacher, but his outspokenness prevented him from obtaining further work in that line. From 1895, he lived in Lwów and worked as a parliamentary and court stenographer. In 1903, he published one of the most original novels of that time, ''Pałuba''. In this highly complex and avantgarde work, he anticipated many innovations made by modern European experimentalists such as James Joyce, Virginia Woolf, William Faulkner or André Gide. The novel has ne ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Stanisław Posner
Stanislav and variants may refer to: People * Stanislav (given name), a Slavic given name with many spelling variations (Stanislaus, Stanislas, Stanisław, etc.) Places * Stanislav, a coastal village in Kherson, Ukraine * Stanislaus County, California * Stanislaus River, California * Stanislaus National Forest, California * Place Stanislas, a square in Nancy, France, World Heritage Site of UNESCO * Saint-Stanislas, Mauricie, Quebec, a Canadian municipality * Stanizlav, a fictional train depot in the game '' TimeSplitters: Future Perfect'' * Stanislau, German name of Ivano-Frankivsk, Ukraine Schools * St. Stanislaus High School, an institution in Bandra, Mumbai, India * St. Stanislaus High School (Detroit) * Collège Stanislas de Paris, an institution in Paris, France * California State University, Stanislaus, a public university in Turlock, CA * St Stanislaus College (Bathurst), a secondary school in Bathurst, Australia * St. Stanislaus College (Guyana), a secondary ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Zygmunt Zaremba
Zygmunt Witalis Zaremba (born 1895, Piotrków, Poland – died 5 October 1967, Sceaux, France), pseudonyms ''Andrzej Czarski'' (''Czerski''), ''Wit Smrek'', was a Polish socialist activist and publicist. Biography Zaremba was a member of the Youth Association for Progress and Independence (''Związek Młodzieży Postępowo-Niepodległościowej''; 1911), Polish Socialist Party - Opposition (''Polska Partia Socjalistyczna - Opozycja''; 1912–1914), then was a member of the Polish Socialist Party (''Polska Partia Socjalistyczna'') and its Central Executive Committee (''Centralny Komitet Wykonawczy''; 1917–1918). From 1918 onward, he stayed in Poland. Then, he became a member of Polish Socialist Party authorities – Supreme Council (''Rada Naczelna''; 1919–1939) and Central Executive Committee (1921–1924, 1926–1939). During the years of 1921–1924 he was a vice-president of its Supreme Council. From 1922–35, he was a deputy in the Sejm. During the invasion of Pol ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mieczysław Niedziałkowski
Mieczysław Niedziałkowski (September 19, 1893 in Vilnius - June 21, 1940 in Palmiry) was a Polish politician and writer. He was an activist in the Polish Socialist Party, editor in chief of Robotnik, and one of the primary activists and cofounders of the Centrolew alliance. He published several works on socialism and Polish politics. He took part in the defence of Warsaw in 1939, organizing the volunteer militias. He was subsequently arrested and interrogated by the Gestapo. He was executed on 21 June 1940 in Palmiry during the German AB-Aktion. After his arrest by the Gestapo. Niedziałkowski was personally interviewed by Heinrich Himmler Heinrich Luitpold Himmler (; 7 October 1900 – 23 May 1945) was of the (Protection Squadron; SS), and a leading member of the Nazi Party of Germany. Himmler was one of the most powerful men in Nazi Germany and a main architect of th ..., who asked "What do you want from us; what do you expect?" Niedziałkowski responded ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Feliks Perl
Feliks is a variant spelling of the given name Felix, used in Poland and the Baltic states, as well as in the transliteration of the name Felix from Russian. Feliks may refer to: *Feliks Ankerstein (1897–1955), Polish Army major and intelligence officer *Feliks Gromov (born 1937), former Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Navy * Feliks Kark (born 1933), Estonian actor and caricaturist *Feliks Kibbermann, Estonian chess master *Feliks Kon (1864–1941), Polish communist activist *Feliks Konarski (1907–1991), Polish poet, songwriter and cabaret performer *Feliks Koneczny (1862–1949), Polish historian and social philosopher *Feliks Kazimierz Potocki (1630–1702), Polish noble, magnate and military leader *Feliks Stamm (1901–1976), Polish boxing coach *Feliks Topolski (1907–1989), Polish-born British expressionist painter *Feliks Undusk (born 1948), Estonian journalist and politician. *Feliks Villard (1908–?), Estonian chess player *Feliks Zamoyski (died 1535), Polish nob ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dąbrowa Górnicza
Dąbrowa Górnicza is a city in Zagłębie Dąbrowskie, southern Poland, near Katowice and Sosnowiec. It is located in eastern part of the Silesian Voivodeship, on the Czarna Przemsza and Biała Przemsza rivers (tributaries of the Vistula, see Przemsza). Even though Dąbrowa Górnicza belongs to the historic province of Lesser Poland, it now is situated in the Silesian Voivodeship (since 1999), and previously (1975–1998) it was in Katowice Voivodeship. Dąbrowa Górnicza is one of the cities of the Katowice urban area (2.7 million people), and within the greater Silesian metropolitan area (5.2 million people). The population of the city itself as of December 2021 is 116,971. Area and districts Dąbrowa Górnicza is the largest city of the province and the 9th largest in Poland in terms of territory, with total area of 188 square kilometers. The city lies among the hills, at 258 to 390 meters above sea level. Dąbrowa Górnicza borders Będzin County, Zawiercie Co ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mental Illness
A mental disorder, also referred to as a mental illness or psychiatric disorder, is a behavioral or mental pattern that causes significant distress or impairment of personal functioning. Such features may be persistent, relapsing and remitting, or occur as single episodes. Many disorders have been described, with signs and symptoms that vary widely between specific disorders. Such disorders may be diagnosed by a mental health professional, usually a clinical psychologist or psychiatrist. The causes of mental disorders are often unclear. Theories may incorporate findings from a range of fields. Mental disorders are usually defined by a combination of how a person behaves, feels, perceives, or thinks. This may be associated with particular regions or functions of the brain, often in a social context. A mental disorder is one aspect of mental health. Cultural and religious beliefs, as well as social norms, should be taken into account when making a diagnosis. Services are ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
