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Renault R-Type Engine
The R-Type is a family of straight-4 turbocharged diesel engines developed by both Nissan and Renault, and also Daimler in regarding the R9M/OM626 engine. Released in 2011, it replaced the 1.9 dCi engine in Renault's range and the 2.0 dCi in the Nissan Qashqai, and in 2015, it also replaced the 2.0 dCi in the Renault Mégane as well. When launched, the engine produced . Renault later introduced a higher-powered twin-turbocharged variant producing . Summary R9M 130PS R9M 130PS was introduced in 2011. Developed within the framework of the Alliance, the newcomer's performance credentials were made similar to those of its predecessor, the 1.9 dCi 130 engine. This 1.6-litre power plant delivered peak power of and torque of available across a broad rev-band. This new block came with a change in Renault's engine downsizing policy. More downsizing was to be obtained, thanks to the shortening of the stroke of the pistons and a redesign of the reciprocating parts. The cylinder's s ...
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Mercedes-Benz
Mercedes-Benz (), commonly referred to as Mercedes and sometimes as Benz, is a German luxury and commercial vehicle automotive brand established in 1926. Mercedes-Benz AG (a Mercedes-Benz Group subsidiary established in 2019) is headquartered in Stuttgart, Baden-Württemberg, Germany. Mercedes-Benz AG produces consumer luxury vehicles and commercial vehicles badged as Mercedes-Benz. From November 2019 onwards, Mercedes-Benz-badged heavy commercial vehicles (trucks and buses) are managed by Daimler Truck, a former part of the Mercedes-Benz Group turned into an independent company in late 2021. In 2018, Mercedes-Benz was the largest brand of premium vehicles in the world, having sold 2.31 million passenger cars. The brand's origins lie in Daimler-Motoren-Gesellschaft's 1901 Mercedes and Carl Benz's 1886 Benz Patent-Motorwagen, which is widely regarded as the first internal combustion engine in a self-propelled automobile. The slogan for the brand is "the best or nothing". Hi ...
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Daimler AG
The Mercedes-Benz Group AG (previously named Daimler-Benz, DaimlerChrysler and Daimler) is a German multinational automotive corporation headquartered in Stuttgart, Baden-Württemberg, Germany. It is one of the world's leading car manufacturers. Daimler-Benz was formed with the merger of Benz & Cie. and Daimler Motoren Gesellschaft in 1926. The company was renamed DaimlerChrysler upon acquiring the American automobile manufacturer Chrysler Corporation in 1998, and was again renamed Daimler AG upon divestment of Chrysler in 2007. In 2021, Daimler AG was the second-largest German automaker and the sixth-largest worldwide by production. In February 2022, Daimler was renamed Mercedes-Benz Group. The Mercedes-Benz Group's marques are Mercedes-Benz for cars and vans (including Mercedes-AMG and Mercedes-Maybach) and Smart. It has shares in other vehicle manufactures such as Daimler Truck, Denza, BAIC Motor and Aston Martin. By unit sales, the Mercedes-Benz Group is the thirteenth- ...
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Renault Captur
The Renault Captur (pronounced as "capture") is a series of subcompact crossover SUVs manufactured by the French automaker Renault. The production version of the first one, based on the B platform, made its debut at the 2013 Geneva Motor Show and started to be marketed in France during April 2013. The Captur Concept was first shown at the 2011 Geneva Motor Show. Under the "same skin with different specification" strategy adopted by Renault, the Captur is available in a larger version based on the low-cost B0 platform shared with the Duster. It uses the similar styling with the first-generation Captur but with an extended wheelbase, greater ground clearance and all-wheel-drive drivetrain. Referred internally as the "Captur Global Access", the vehicle has been produced in Russia, Brazil and India. First generation There are two different versions of the first generation Captur each built on its own platform. The B platform version, codenamed ''J87'' was produced between 2013 an ...
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Carbon Dioxide
Carbon dioxide (chemical formula ) is a chemical compound made up of molecules that each have one carbon atom covalently double bonded to two oxygen atoms. It is found in the gas state at room temperature. In the air, carbon dioxide is transparent to visible light but absorbs infrared radiation, acting as a greenhouse gas. It is a trace gas in Earth's atmosphere at 421 parts per million (ppm), or about 0.04% by volume (as of May 2022), having risen from pre-industrial levels of 280 ppm. Burning fossil fuels is the primary cause of these increased CO2 concentrations and also the primary cause of climate change.IPCC (2022Summary for policy makersiClimate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA Carbon dioxide is soluble in water and is found in groundwater, lakes, ice caps, ...
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Dual-clutch Transmission
A dual-clutch transmission (DCT) (sometimes referred to as a twin-clutch transmission) is a type of multi-speed motor vehicle, vehicle Transmission (mechanics), transmission system, that uses two separate clutches for odd and even gear train, gear sets. The design is often similar to two separate manual transmissions with their respective clutches contained within one housing, and working as one unit. In car and truck applications, the DCT functions as an automatic transmission, requiring no driver input to change gears. The first DCT to reach production was the ''Easidrive'' automatic transmission introduced on the Hillman Minx#Audax design Hillman Minx (Series I to Series VI, 1956–67), 1961 Hillman Minx mid-size car. This was followed by various eastern European tractors through the 1970s (using manual operation via a single clutch pedal), then the Porsche 962, Porsche 962 C racing car in 1985. The first DCT of the modern era was used in the 2003 Volkswagen Golf Mk4#R32 (200 ...
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Renault Talisman
The Renault Talisman is a large family car manufactured by the French car manufacturer Renault since 2015. It replaced the Renault Laguna, as well as the larger Renault Latitude, for which no direct replacement was scheduled. It was produced by Renault's Douai Renault Factory from 2015 to 2022 and it is produced by its South Korean subsidiary Renault Korea Motors (previously named Renault Samsung Motors) since 2016 and marketed as the Renault Korea Motors SM6 (until 2022, it was marketed as the Renault Samsung SM6). The name "talisman" means "a magical object providing protection against ill will, or the supernatural, or conferring the wearer with a boon such as good luck, good health, or powers". Renault ended production of the Talisman in Europe in February 2022. Overview The saloon version of the Talisman was first unveiled on 6 July 2015, at the Château de Chantilly by Renault's CEO Carlos Ghosn, with an estate version scheduled to be revealed at the 2015 Frankfurt Mo ...
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Renault Kadjar
The Renault Kadjar is a compact crossover SUV (C-segment) manufactured and marketed by Renault, developed with the second generation Nissan Qashqai/Rogue Sport and revealed at the 2015 Geneva Motor Show, with sales starting in April 2015 in Europe, and in 2016 in China. The Kadjar was superseded by the Renault Austral which commenced production in 2022, and utilises only E-Tech mild hybrid or PHEV petrol drivetrains. It is expected to become the successor to the Kadjar/Koleos/Scénic and Grand Scénic/Espace SUV and MPV model lines in 5 and 7 seat forms respectively. Overview The Kadjar shares the same Renault–Nissan Common Module Family platform as the Nissan Qashqai, which will allow for front and four wheel drive. It is offered with the latest version of Renault's R Link 2 infotainment system (voice control, navigation, Bluetooth and radio), engine stop start, emergency brake assist, lane departure warning and traffic sign recognition with speed limit alerts, 360 degree ...
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Mercedes C Class
The Mercedes-Benz C-Class is a series of compact executive cars produced by Mercedes-Benz Group AG. Introduced in 1993 as a replacement for the 190 (W201) range, the C-Class was the smallest model in the marque's line-up until the W168 A-Class arrived in 1997. The C-Class has been available with a "4MATIC" four-wheel drive option since 2002. The third generation (W204) was launched in 2007 while the current W206 generation was launched in 2021. Initially available in sedan and a station wagon configurations, a fastback coupé (SportCoupé) variant followed and was later renamed to Mercedes-Benz CLC-Class. It remained in production until 2011 when a new W204 C-Class coupé replaced it for the 2012 model year. First generation (W202; 1993) In October 1986, three years into Mercedes-Benz 190 (W201)'s production run, work began on a successor. Design work began in 1987, with the final design by Murat Günak selected in 1989 and the production design by Olivier Boulay ...
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Mercedes Vito
The Mercedes-Benz Vito is a mid-sized light commercial vehicle (LCV) produced by Mercedes-Benz, available as a panel van, chassis cab, or multi-purpose vehicle (MPV), carrying cargo or up to eight passengers. In the Mercedes-Benz van lineup, it is positioned between the larger Sprinter and the smaller Citan. The Vito refers to the cargo van variant for commercial use; when passenger accommodations are substituted for part or all of the load area, it is known as the V-Class or Viano. The V-Class/Viano is a large MPV. The first generation went on sale in 1996. The second generation was introduced in 2004, and the vehicle received the new Viano name. In 2010, the vehicle was facelifted with revised front and rear bumpers and lights. The interior was also improved with upgraded materials and new technology. The third generation was launched in 2014 and returned to being called V-Class. The Vito/Viano is available in both rear- and four-wheel-drive configurations and comes in three ...
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Renault Fluence
The Renault Fluence is a compact sedan produced by the French automaker Renault. The car was produced until 2016 at the Oyak-Renault plant in Bursa, Turkey. It was produced until the end of 2018 in Santa Isabel, Argentina, for the Latin American market. Its electric version is still produced in Busan, South Korea, for the market of the Asia-Pacific. On 12 July 2016, Renault unveiled the successor to the Fluence, initially for the market of Europe, the Mégane Sedan IV. Design Revealed in August 2009, the Fluence is based on the Renault/Nissan C platform, but it is sized between the compact family saloon C segment, and the upper medium segment. The Mégane range featured a "three box" notchback sedan variant until the end of 2008, but this was never a big seller and when, at the end of that year, the Mégane III was introduced, there was no notchback version available. The gap in the range left by the removal of the saloon model from the FrancoSpanish assembled Mégan ...
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Renault Scénic
The Renault Scénic () is a car which was produced by French car manufacturer Renault, the first to be labelled as a small multi-purpose vehicle (MPV) in Europe. The first generation was based on the chassis of the Mégane, a small family car. It became the 1997 European Car of the Year on its launch in November 1996. In May 2022 Renault announced it was discontinuing the standard Scénic with the Grand Scénic following shortly after. It will be relaunched in 2024 as a fully electric vehicle. The first generation Scénic added a four-wheel drive model called the Renault Scenic RX4, which was discontinued by the arrival of the Scénic II. The second, third and fourth generations have a model called Grand Scénic, which has seven seats rather than five. From the fourth generation (2016), the Scénic now utilizes three/four bench rear seats instead of three individual rear seats used in previous three generations, due to cost cutting measures.__TOC__ First generation (1996) ...
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Turbocharging
In an internal combustion engine, a turbocharger (often called a turbo) is a forced induction device that is powered by the flow of exhaust gases. It uses this energy to compress the intake gas, forcing more air into the engine in order to produce more power for a given displacement.
The current categorisation is that a turbocharger is powered by the kinetic energy of the exhaust gasses, whereas a is mechanically powered (usually by a belt from the engine's crankshaft). However, up until the mid-20th century, a turbocharger was called a "turbosupercharger" and was considered a type of supercharger.


History

Prior to the invention of the turbocharger,