|
Razdan (computer)
Razdan is a family of general-purpose digital electronic computers created from 1958–1965 at the Yerevan Computer Research and Development Institute (YerNIIMM). The computer has a semiconductor element base, that is, it belongs to computers of the second generation. Razdan The machine has been developed since 1958, based on the documentation for the M-3 machine (created under the direction of N.Ya.Matyukhin in the laboratory of I. S. Bruk). The head of the work is E. L. Brusilovsky. In 1960, the Razdan machine was handed over to the State Commission. Machine specifications * Command system: two-address, 17 basic commands, each of which has 8 modifications * Number system: binary, the word consists of 36 binary digits, of which 29 are the mantissa, 1 is the sign, 5 is the order, 1 is the sign of the order. * Speed: 5000 ops/sec. * Power consumption: approx. 3 kW from AC 220/380 V, 50 Hz. * Occupied area: 20 sq. m. In parallel with the assembly and adjustment o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Yerevan Computer Research And Development Institute
The Yerevan Computer Research and Development Institute (YCRDI) ( hy, Երևանի մաթեմատիկական մեքենաների գիտահետազոտական ինստիտուտ (ԵրՄՄԳՀԻ) (''Yerevani mat'ematikakan mekenaneri gitahetazotakan institut (YerMMGHI)'')), is a scientific research institute and the pioneer of the IT and software industry in Armenia. It was founded by the government of USSR in 1956 in Yerevan for the development of computer equipment. The institution is currently involved in the development of computers and automatic control systems for civil and defense purposes. At the beginning of the 1990s, the institute employed over 7,000 staff. Products produced by the YCRDI include: * Measurement and control system for various utility distribution networks, such as electrical, natural gas, water, and thermal energy networks, for measurement, control, and management purposes. * Communication security systems for government agencies and commercial banks. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
History Of Computing Hardware (1960s–present)
The history of computing hardware starting at 1960 is marked by the conversion from vacuum tube to solid-state devices such as transistors and then integrated circuit (IC) chips. Around 1953 to 1959, discrete transistors started being considered sufficiently reliable and economical that they made further vacuum tube computers uncompetitive. Metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) large-scale integration (LSI) technology subsequently led to the development of semiconductor memory in the mid-to-late 1960s and then the microprocessor in the early 1970s. This led to primary computer memory moving away from magnetic-core memory devices to solid-state static and dynamic semiconductor memory, which greatly reduced the cost, size, and power consumption of computers. These advances led to the miniaturized personal computer (PC) in the 1970s, starting with home computers and desktop computers, followed by laptops and then mobile computers over the next several decades. Second generation For ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
M (computers Family)
M, or m, is the thirteenth letter in the Latin alphabet, used in the modern English alphabet, the alphabets of other western European languages and others worldwide. Its name in English is ''em'' (pronounced ), plural ''ems''. History The letter M is derived from the Phoenician Mem, via the Greek Mu (Μ, μ). Semitic Mem is most likely derived from a " Proto-Sinaitic" (Bronze Age) adoption of the "water" ideogram in Egyptian writing. The Egyptian sign had the acrophonic value , from the Egyptian word for "water", ''nt''; the adoption as the Semitic letter for was presumably also on acrophonic grounds, from the Semitic word for "water", '' *mā(y)-''. Use in writing systems The letter represents the bilabial nasal consonant sound in the orthography of Latin as well as in that of many modern languages, and also in the International Phonetic Alphabet. In English, the Oxford English Dictionary (first edition) says that is sometimes a vowel, in words like ''sp ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Aragats (computer)
Aragats is a first-generation electronic computer developed at the Yerevan Computer Research and Development Institute (YerNIIMM). The elemental base is vacuum tubes. The work supervisor is B.E.Khaikin. Development continued from 1958 to 1960. In total, 4 copies of the machine were produced. The basis for the development was the M-3 computer, developed by the team of I. S. Bruk. Simultaneously with the work on "Aragats", and also on the basis of the M-3 scheme, the YerNIIMM developed the Razdan computer, based on a semiconductor element base. To assist in the creation of Razdan and Aragats, several employees of the Computing Center of the Academy of Sciences were seconded to Yerevan, the head of the group was A.P. Merenkov. The head copy was acquired by Perm State University in 1961, although it was originally created for Leningrad State University. It was located on the basement floor of the educational building No. 2, and worked until 1973, until it was decommissioned. At ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
35 Mm Movie Film
35 mm film is a film gauge used in filmmaking, and the film standard. In motion pictures that record on film, 35 mm is the most commonly used gauge. The name of the gauge is not a direct measurement, and refers to the nominal width of the 35 mm format photographic film, which consists of strips wide. The standard image exposure length on 35 mm for movies ("single-frame" format) is four perforations per frame along both edges, which results in 16 frames per foot of film. A variety of largely proprietary gauges were devised for the numerous camera and projection systems being developed independently in the late 19th century and early 20th century, as well as a variety of film feeding systems. This resulted in cameras, projectors, and other equipment having to be calibrated to each gauge. The 35 mm width, originally specified as inches, was introduced around 1890 by William Kennedy Dickson and Thomas Edison, using 120 film stock supplied by George Eastman. F ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
ALGOL 60
ALGOL 60 (short for ''Algorithmic Language 1960'') is a member of the ALGOL family of computer programming languages. It followed on from ALGOL 58 which had introduced code blocks and the begin and end pairs for delimiting them, representing a key advance in the rise of structured programming. ALGOL 60 was the first language implementing nested function definitions with lexical scope. It gave rise to many other programming languages, including CPL, Simula, BCPL, B, Pascal, and C. Practically every computer of the era had a systems programming language based on ALGOL 60 concepts. Niklaus Wirth based his own ALGOL W on ALGOL 60 before moving to develop Pascal. Algol-W was intended to be the next generation ALGOL but the ALGOL 68 committee decided on a design that was more complex and advanced rather than a cleaned simplified ALGOL 60. The official ALGOL versions are named after the year they were first published. Algol 68 is substantially different from Algol 60 and was cr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Andrey Yershov
Andrey Petrovich Yershov (russian: Андре́й Петро́вич Ершо́в; 19 April 1931, Moscow – 8 December 1988, Moscow) was a Soviet computer scientist, notable as a pioneer in systems programming and programming language research. Donald Knuth considers him to have independently co-discovered the idea of hashing with linear probing. He also created one of the first algorithms for compiling arithmetic expressions. He was responsible for the languages ''ALPHA'' and ''Rapira'', the first Soviet time-sharing system ''AIST-0'', electronic publishing system ''RUBIN'', and a multiprocessing workstation ''MRAMOR''. He also was the initiator of developing the ''Computer Bank of the Russian Language'' ( Машинный Фонд Русского Языка), the Soviet project for creating a large representative Russian corpus, a project in the 1980s comparable to the Bank of English and British National Corpus. The Russian National Corpus created by the Russian Academy o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Soviet Computer Systems
The Soviet Union,. officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. (USSR),. was a transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991. A flagship communist state, it was nominally a federal union of fifteen national republics; in practice, both its government and its economy were highly centralized until its final years. It was a one-party state governed by the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, with the city of Moscow serving as its capital as well as that of its largest and most populous republic: the Russian SFSR. Other major cities included Leningrad (Russian SFSR), Kiev (Ukrainian SSR), Minsk (Byelorussian SSR), Tashkent (Uzbek SSR), Alma-Ata (Kazakh SSR), and Novosibirsk (Russian SFSR). It was the largest country in the world, covering over and spanning eleven time zones. The country's roots lay in the October Revolution of 1917, when the Bolsheviks, under the leadership of Vladimir Lenin, overthrew the Russian Provisional Government that ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
