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Raw Type
Generics are a facility of generic programming that were added to the Java programming language in 2004 within version J2SE 5.0. They were designed to extend Java's type system to allow "a type or method to operate on objects of various types while providing compile-time type safety". The aspect '' compile-time type safety'' was not fully achieved, since it was shown in 2016 that it is not guaranteed in all cases. The Java collections framework supports generics to specify the type of objects stored in a collection instance. In 1998, Gilad Bracha, Martin Odersky, David Stoutamire and Philip Wadler created Generic Java, an extension to the Java language to support generic types. Generic Java was incorporated in Java with the addition of wildcards. Hierarchy and classification According to ''Java Language Specification'': *A type variable is an unqualified identifier. Type variables are introduced by generic class declarations, generic interface declarations, generic method declara ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Generic Programming
Generic programming is a style of computer programming in which algorithms are written in terms of types ''to-be-specified-later'' that are then ''instantiated'' when needed for specific types provided as parameters. This approach, pioneered by the ML programming language in 1973, permits writing common functions or types that differ only in the set of types on which they operate when used, thus reducing duplication. Such software entities are known as ''generics'' in Ada, C#, Delphi, Eiffel, F#, Java, Nim, Python, Go, Rust, Swift, TypeScript and Visual Basic .NET. They are known as '' parametric polymorphism'' in ML, Scala, Julia, and Haskell (the Haskell community also uses the term "generic" for a related but somewhat different concept); ''templates'' in C++ and D; and ''parameterized types'' in the influential 1994 book ''Design Patterns''. The term "generic programming" was originally coined by David Musser and Alexander Stepanov in a more specific se ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Joshua Bloch
Joshua J. Bloch (born August 28, 1961) is an American software engineer and a technology author, formerly employed at Sun Microsystems and Google. He led the design and implementation of numerous Java platform features, including the Java Collections Framework, the package, and the mechanism."About the Author" ''Effective Java Programming Language Guide'' He is the author of the programming guide ''Effective Java'' (2001), which won the 2001 Jolt Award, and is a co-author of two other Java books, ''Java Puzzlers'' (2005) and ''Java Concurrency In Practice'' (2006). Bloch holds a in |
Comparison Of C Sharp And Java
This article compares two programming languages: C# with Java. While the focus of this article is mainly the languages and their features, such a comparison will necessarily also consider some features of platforms and libraries. For a more detailed comparison of the platforms, see Comparison of the Java and .NET platforms. C# and Java are similar languages that are typed statically, strongly, and manifestly. Both are object-oriented, and designed with semi- interpretation or runtime just-in-time compilation, and both are curly brace languages, like C and C++. Types Unified type system Both languages are statically typed with class-based object orientation. In Java the primitive types are special in that they are not object-oriented and they could not have been defined using the language itself. They also do not share a common ancestor with reference types. The Java reference types all derive from a common root type. C# has a unified type system in which all type ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Generic Programming
Generic programming is a style of computer programming in which algorithms are written in terms of types ''to-be-specified-later'' that are then ''instantiated'' when needed for specific types provided as parameters. This approach, pioneered by the ML programming language in 1973, permits writing common functions or types that differ only in the set of types on which they operate when used, thus reducing duplication. Such software entities are known as ''generics'' in Ada, C#, Delphi, Eiffel, F#, Java, Nim, Python, Go, Rust, Swift, TypeScript and Visual Basic .NET. They are known as '' parametric polymorphism'' in ML, Scala, Julia, and Haskell (the Haskell community also uses the term "generic" for a related but somewhat different concept); ''templates'' in C++ and D; and ''parameterized types'' in the influential 1994 book ''Design Patterns''. The term "generic programming" was originally coined by David Musser and Alexander Stepanov in a more specific se ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Project Valhalla (Java Language)
Project Valhalla is an experimental OpenJDK project to develop major new language features for Java 10 and beyond. The project was announced in July 2014 and is an experimental effort by Oracle, led by engineer Brian Goetz. Planned features Valhalla is incubating Java language features and enhancements in these areas: * Value Types; highly-efficient small 'objects' without inheritance. * Generic Specialization; List for example. * Reified Generics; retaining actual type at runtime. * improved ' volatile' support. These features will require both syntax and VM-level changes. Project activity The project is organized on the OpenJDK 'Project Valhalla' mailing list. Project Valhalla has begun in the experimental stages, with an inaugural announcement & early draft initial proposals. Published as of January 2022: Project Valhalla announcement Experimental OpenJDK prototypes can also be built from the Mercurial repositories. These are starting to incorporate many specialization fe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Static Variable
In computer programming, a static variable is a variable that has been allocated "statically", meaning that its lifetime (or "extent") is the entire run of the program. This is in contrast to shorter-lived automatic variables, whose storage is stack allocated and deallocated on the call stack; and in contrast to objects, whose storage is dynamically allocated and deallocated in heap memory. Variable lifetime is contrasted with scope (where a variable can be used): "global" and "local" refer to scope, not lifetime, but scope often implies lifetime. In many languages, global variables are always static, but in some languages they are dynamic, while local variables are generally automatic, but may be static. In general, is the allocation of memory at compile time, before the associated program is executed, unlike dynamic memory allocation or automatic memory allocation where memory is allocated as required at run time. History Static variables date at least to ALGOL 60 (1960) ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
C++ Templates
C, or c, is the third letter in the Latin alphabet, used in the modern English alphabet, the alphabets of other western European languages and others worldwide. Its name in English is ''cee'' (pronounced ), plural ''cees''. History "C" comes from the same letter as "G". The Semites named it gimel. The sign is possibly adapted from an Egyptian hieroglyph for a staff sling, which may have been the meaning of the name ''gimel''. Another possibility is that it depicted a camel, the Semitic name for which was ''gamal''. Barry B. Powell, a specialist in the history of writing, states "It is hard to imagine how gimel = "camel" can be derived from the picture of a camel (it may show his hump, or his head and neck!)". In the Etruscan language, plosive consonants had no contrastive voicing, so the Greek ' Γ' (Gamma) was adopted into the Etruscan alphabet to represent . Already in the Western Greek alphabet, Gamma first took a '' form in Early Etruscan, then '' in Classical E ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Type Erasure
In programming languages, type erasure is the load-time process by which explicit type annotations are removed from a program, before it is executed at run-time. Operational semantics that do not require programs to be accompanied by types are called ''type-erasure semantics'', to be contrasted with ''type-passing semantics''. The possibility of giving type-erasure semantics is a kind of abstraction principle, ensuring that the run-time execution of a program does not depend on type information. In the context of generic programming, the opposite of type erasure is called reification. Type inference The reverse operation is called type inference. Though type erasure can be used as an easy way to define typing over implicitly typed languages (an implicitly typed term is well-typed if and only if it is the erasure of a well-typed explicitly typed lambda term), it does not always lead to an algorithm to check implicitly typed terms. See also * Template (C++) * Problems with ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Object Type (object-oriented Programming)
In computer science, boxing (a.k.a. wrapping) is the transformation of placing a primitive type within an object so that the value can be used as a reference. Unboxing is the reverse transformation of extracting the primitive value from its wrapper object. Autoboxing is the term for automatically applying boxing and/or unboxing transformations as needed. Boxing Boxing's most prominent use is in Java where there is a distinction between reference and value types for reasons such as runtime efficiency and syntax and semantic issues. In Java, a can only store values of type . One might desire to have a of , but this is not directly possible. Instead Java defines primitive wrapper classes corresponding to each primitive type: and , and , and , etc. One can then define a using the boxed type and insert values into the list by boxing them as objects. (Using generic parameterized types introduced in J2SE 5.0, this type is represented as .) On the other hand, C# has no prim ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Primitive Type
In computer science, primitive data types are a set of basic data types from which all other data types are constructed. Specifically it often refers to the limited set of data representations in use by a particular processor, which all compiled programs must use. Most processors support a similar set of primitive data types, although the specific representations vary. More generally, "primitive data types" may refer to the standard data types built into a programming language. Data types which are not primitive are referred to as ''derived'' or ''composite''. Primitive types are almost always value types, but composite types may also be value types. Common primitive data types The Java virtual machine's set of primitive data types is: * Integer types with a variety of ranges and precisions (byte, short, int, long, char) * Floating-point number with single or double precisions; (float, double) * Boolean, logical values true and false. (boolean) * A value referring to an exec ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Type Conversion
In computer science, type conversion, type casting, type coercion, and type juggling are different ways of changing an expression from one data type to another. An example would be the conversion of an integer value into a floating point value or its textual representation as a string, and vice versa. Type conversions can take advantage of certain features of type hierarchies or data representations. Two important aspects of a type conversion are whether it happens ''implicitly'' (automatically) or ''explicitly'', and whether the underlying data representation is converted from one representation into another, or a given representation is merely ''reinterpreted'' as the representation of another data type. In general, both primitive and compound data types can be converted. Each programming language has its own rules on how types can be converted. Languages with strong typing typically do little implicit conversion and discourage the reinterpretation of representations, whi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Type Inference
Type inference refers to the automatic detection of the type of an expression in a formal language. These include programming languages and mathematical type systems, but also natural languages in some branches of computer science and linguistics. Nontechnical explanation Types in a most general view can be associated to a designated use suggesting and restricting the activities possible for an object of that type. Many nouns in language specify such uses. For instance, the word leash indicates a different use than the word line. Calling something a table indicates another designation than calling it firewood, though it might be materially the same thing. While their material properties make things usable for some purposes, they are also subject of particular designations. This is especially the case in abstract fields, namely mathematics and computer science, where the material is finally only bits or formulas. To exclude unwanted, but materially possible uses, the concept of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
