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Racial Whitening
Racial whitening, or "whitening" (''blanqueamiento, branqueamento''), is an ideology that was widely accepted in Brazil between 1889 and 1914, as the solution to the "Negro problem".Skidmore, Thomas. Black Into White: Race and Nationality in Brazilian Thought, Oxford University Press. NY, 1974. However, racial whitening specific to Brazil also encompasses the perception of individuals as being white in relation to their position in the class system. Supporters of the Whitening ideology believed that the Negro race would advance culturally and genetically, or even disappear totally, within several generations of mixed breeding between white people and black people. This ideology gained its support from two scientific racism beliefs that were prominent during this time. One being Social Darwinism, which applied Darwin's theory of natural selection to a society or race, and the other being Aryanism, the belief that the white "Aryan race, Aryan" race was superior to all other cul ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Blanqueamiento
Blanqueamiento, branqueamento, or whitening, is a social, political, and economic practice used in many post-colonial countries in the Americas and Oceania to "improve the race" (''mejorar la raza'') towards a supposed ideal of whiteness. The term blanqueamiento is rooted in Latin America and is used more or less synonymously with racial whitening. However, blanqueamiento can be considered in both the symbolic and biological sense. Symbolically, blanqueamiento represents an ideology that emerged from legacies of European colonialism, described by Anibal Quijano's theory of coloniality of power, which caters to white dominance in social hierarchies. Biologically, blanqueamiento is the process of whitening by marrying a lighter-skinned individual to produce lighter-skinned offspring. Definition Peter Wade argues that blanqueamiento is a historical process that can be linked to nationalism. When thinking about nationalism, the ideologies behind it stem from national identity, w ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Racial Democracy
Racial democracy ( pt, Democracia racial) is a term used by some to describe race relations in Brazil. The term denotes some scholars' belief that Brazil has escaped racism and racial discrimination. Those researchers contend that Brazilians do not view each other through the lens of race and do not harbor racial prejudice towards one another. Because of that, while social mobility of Brazilians may be constrained by many factors, gender and class included, racial discrimination is considered irrelevant (within the confines of the concept racial democracy). Overview Racial democracy was first advanced by Brazilian sociologist Gilberto Freyre in his work ''Casa-Grande & Senzala'' (English: ''The Masters and the Slaves''), published in 1933. Although Freyre never uses this term in the book, he did adopt it in later publications, and his theories paved the way for other scholars who would popularize the concept. Freyre argued that several factors, including close relations between ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Racism In South America
The article describes the state of race relations and racism in South America. Racism of various forms is found worldwide. Racism is widely condemned throughout the world, with 170 states signatories of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination by August 8, 2006. In different countries, the forms that racism takes may be different for historic, cultural, religious, economic or demographic reasons. Argentina Bolivia Bolivia is composed of many cultures, including the Aymara, the Quechua, and the Guarani. "Pure" native American people are in general deemed inferior by mestizos and people of European origin. The economic difficulties of the population, the education level of all groups, the economic level of the natives, and the predominant prejudice inherited from colonial times mainly in urban areas aggravates the treatment. The situation has worsened in the last year. The elites, formed mainly by people of foreign origin in the East ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
New York City
New York, often called New York City or NYC, is the List of United States cities by population, most populous city in the United States. With a 2020 population of 8,804,190 distributed over , New York City is also the List of United States cities by population density, most densely populated major city in the United States, and is more than twice as populous as second-place Los Angeles. New York City lies at the southern tip of New York (state), New York State, and constitutes the geographical and demographic center of both the Northeast megalopolis and the New York metropolitan area, the largest metropolitan area in the world by urban area, urban landmass. With over 20.1 million people in its metropolitan statistical area and 23.5 million in its combined statistical area as of 2020, New York is one of the world's most populous Megacity, megacities, and over 58 million people live within of the city. New York City is a global city, global Culture of New ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Thomas Skidmore
Thomas Elliott Skidmore (22 July 1932, in Troy, Ohio – 11 June 2016) was an American historian and scholar who specialized in Brazilian history. Latin America Centre. University of Oxford. Biography Skidmore graduated in political science and philosophy in 1954 from . He received a to study philosophy at[...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
The Outlook (New York)
''The Outlook'' (1870–1935) was a weekly magazine, published in New York City. Publication history ''The Christian Union'' (1870–1893) ''The Outlook'' began publication January 1, 1870, as ''The Christian Union'' (1870–1893). ''The Outlook'' (1893–1928) The magazine was titled ''The Outlook'' from 1893 to 1928, reflecting a shift of focus from religious subjects to social and political issues. In 1900, the ranking weekly magazines of news and opinion were ''The Independent'' (1870), ''The Nation'' (1865), ''The Outlook'' (1870), and, with a different emphasis, ''The Literary Digest'' (1890). ''The Outlook and Independent'' (1928–1932) In 1928 ''The Independent'' was merged with ''The Outlook'' to form ''The Outlook and Independent''. ''The New Outlook'' (1932–1935) From 1932 to 1935 the magazine was published as ''The New Outlook''. Its last issue was dated June 1935. Notable contributors *Theodore Roosevelt was an associate editor for ''The Outlook'', after ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Theodore Roosevelt
Theodore Roosevelt Jr. ( ; October 27, 1858 – January 6, 1919), often referred to as Teddy or by his initials, T. R., was an American politician, statesman, soldier, conservationist, naturalist, historian, and writer who served as the 26th president of the United States from 1901 to 1909. He previously served as the 25th vice president of the United States, vice president under President William McKinley from March to September 1901 and as the 33rd governor of New York from 1899 to 1900. Assuming the presidency after Assassination of William McKinley, McKinley's assassination, Roosevelt emerged as a leader of the History of the Republican Party (United States), Republican Party and became a driving force for United States antitrust law, anti-trust and Progressive Era, Progressive policies. A sickly child with debilitating asthma, he overcame his health problems as he grew by embracing The Strenuous Life, a strenuous lifestyle. Roosevelt integrated his exuberant personalit ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Museu Nacional
The National Museum of Brazil ( pt, Museu Nacional) is the oldest scientific institution of Brazil. It is located in the city of Rio de Janeiro, where it is installed in the Paço de São Cristóvão (Saint Christopher's Palace), which is inside the Quinta da Boa Vista. The main building was originally the residence of the House of Braganza, Portuguese royal family between 1808 and 1821 and was later used to house the Brazilian imperial family between 1822 and 1889. After the monarchy was deposed, it hosted the Republican Constituent Assembly from 1889 to 1891 before being assigned to the use of the museum in 1892. The building was listed as Brazilian National Heritage in 1938 and was largely destroyed by a fire in 2018. Founded by João VI of Portugal, King João VI of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves on 6 June 1818, under the name of "Royal Museum", the institution was initially housed at the Campo de Santana (park), Campo de Santana park, where it exhibited the collections ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
João Batista De Lacerda
João is the Portuguese equivalent of the given name John. The diminutive is Joãozinho and the feminine is Joana. It is widespread in Portuguese-speaking countries. Notable people with the name are enumerated in the sections below. Kings * João I of Kongo, ruled 1470–1509 * João II of Lemba or João Manuel II of Kongo, ruled 1680–1716 * Dharmapala of Kotte, last King of the Kingdom of Kotte, reigned 1551–1597 Princes * João Manuel, Hereditary Prince of Portugal (1537–1554), son of John III * Infante João, Duke of Beja (1842–1861) Arts and literature * João Bosco, Brazilian musician * João Cabral de Melo Neto, Brazilian poet and diplomat * Joao Constancia, Filipino singer, actor and dancer * João Donato, Brazilian musician * João de Deus de Nogueira Ramos, Portuguese poet * João Gilberto, Brazilian musician * João Guimarães Rosa, Brazilian novelist, short story writer, and diplomat * João Miguel (actor), Brazilian actor * João Nogueira, Brazilian musi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hypersexuality
Hypersexuality is extremely frequent or suddenly increased libido. It is controversial whether it should be included as a clinical diagnosis used by mental healthcare professionals. Nymphomania and satyriasis were terms previously used for the condition in women and men, respectively. Hypersexuality may be a primary condition, or the symptom of another medical disease or condition; for example, Klüver–Bucy syndrome or bipolar disorder. Hypersexuality may also present as a side effect of medication such as drugs used to treat Parkinson's disease. Clinicians have yet to reach a consensus over how best to describe hypersexuality as a primary condition, or to determine the appropriateness of describing such behaviors and impulses as a separate pathology. Hypersexual behaviors are viewed variously by clinicians and therapists as a type of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) or "OCD-spectrum disorder", an addiction, or a disorder of impulsivity. A number of authors do not acknowle ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Interracial Marriage
Interracial marriage is a marriage involving spouses who belong to different races or racialized ethnicities. In the past, such marriages were outlawed in the United States, Nazi Germany and apartheid-era South Africa as miscegenation. In 1960 interracial marriage was forbidden by law in 31 U.S. states. It became legal throughout the United States in 1967, following the decision of the Supreme Court of the United States under Chief Justice Earl Warren in the case '' Loving v. Virginia'', which ruled that race-based restrictions on marriages, such as the anti-miscegenation law in the state of Virginia, violated the Equal Protection Clause (adopted in 1868) of the United States Constitution. Legality Many jurisdictions have had regulations banning or restricting not just interracial marriage but also interracial sexual relations, including Germany during the Nazi period, South Africa under apartheid, and many states in the United States prior to a 1967 Supreme Court ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gender Policing
Gender policing is the imposition or enforcement of normative gender expressions on an individual who is perceived as not adequately performing, through appearance or behavior, their gender or sex that was assigned to them at birth (see gender performativity). According to Judith Butler, rejection of individuals who are non-normatively gendered is a component of creating one's own gender identity. Gender mainstreaming is a public policy concept, whereas gender policing is a more general social phenomenon. It is common for normative gender performances of gender to be encouraged and rewarded, while non-normative performances are discouraged through punishment or generally negative reactions. Policing of non-normative performances ranges in intensity from relatively minor discouraging comments to brutal acts of violence. Tactics of gender policing also vary widely, depending in part on the perceived gender of the individual target. Heteronormativity and the gender binary Gender ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
