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RAF-2203
The RAF-2203 Latvija (nickname ''Rafik'') was a cabover van designed and developed by Rīgas Autobusu Fabrika from 1976 to 1997. They were widely used throughout the USSR as fixed-run taxis (marshrutkas), medical cars, used for trade and as a special services vehicles. It was the successor of the RAF-977. This van used the engine of the GAZ-24, between the front seats, making its construction similar to other competing vans such as the Dodge A100 and the Volkswagen LT, with independent front suspension also from the GAZ-24 (but springs from the GAZ-13). It borrowed headlights and brake system parts from the Moskvitch 412, outside door handles from the Moskvitch 408, and wheels of the GAZ-21 Volga. The single rear door hinged at the top, rather than the more-usual side-opening. There were two major models: one, the 2203, seated ten plus driver and passenger, powered by a with 8.2:1 compression; the other, the 22032, a twelve-seat "route taxi", had longitudinal seats and lower ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rīgas Autobusu Fabrika
The Riga Autobus Factory (RAF; ) was a factory in Jelgava, Latvia, making vans and minibuses under the brand name Latvija. History Origins, Riga period During the Soviet period, RAF and UAZ were the only producers of vans and minibuses in Soviet Union. RAF vans and minibuses were used only by state enterprises, most often as ambulances and for public transit. Private persons were not allowed to own them, the only exception being for families with at least five children. In 1949 the factory began producing van bodies on the site of the Riga auto repair factory No.2 (commonly known as RARZ). In 1955, it was renamed the Riga Experimental Bus Factory ( lv, Rīgas eksperimentālā autobusu fabrika, russian: Рижский Опытный Автобусный Завод), and the products started to be abbreviated to RAF. It would become the main Soviet producer of minibuses.Thompson, p.94. RAF's first product was the RAF-251, a 22-seat local bus, based on the GAZ-51 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rigas Autobusu Fabrika
The Riga Autobus Factory (RAF; ) was a factory in Jelgava, Latvia, making vans and minibuses under the brand name Latvija. History Origins, Riga period During the Soviet period, RAF and UAZ were the only producers of vans and minibuses in Soviet Union. RAF vans and minibuses were used only by state enterprises, most often as ambulances and for public transit. Private persons were not allowed to own them, the only exception being for families with at least five children. In 1949 the factory began producing van bodies on the site of the Riga auto repair factory No.2 (commonly known as RARZ). In 1955, it was renamed the Riga Experimental Bus Factory ( lv, Rīgas eksperimentālā autobusu fabrika, russian: Рижский Опытный Автобусный Завод), and the products started to be abbreviated to RAF. It would become the main Soviet producer of minibuses.Thompson, p.94. RAF's first product was the RAF-251, a 22-seat local bus, based on the GAZ-51 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Riga Autobus Factory
The Riga Autobus Factory (RAF; ) was a factory in Jelgava, Latvia, making vans and minibuses under the brand name Latvija. History Origins, Riga period During the Soviet period, RAF and UAZ were the only producers of vans and minibuses in Soviet Union. RAF vans and minibuses were used only by state enterprises, most often as ambulances and for public transit. Private persons were not allowed to own them, the only exception being for families with at least five children. In 1949 the factory began producing van bodies on the site of the Riga auto repair factory No.2 (commonly known as RARZ). In 1955, it was renamed the Riga Experimental Bus Factory ( lv, Rīgas eksperimentālā autobusu fabrika, russian: Рижский Опытный Автобусный Завод), and the products started to be abbreviated to RAF. It would become the main Soviet producer of minibuses.Thompson, p.94. RAF's first product was the RAF-251, a 22-seat local bus, based on the GAZ-51 chassi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fixed-run Taxi
''Marshrutka''Urban transportation systems: choices for communities (p. 254). Sigurd Grava. McGraw-Hill Professional, 2003. 840 pp. 0071384170, 9780071384179. or ''marshrutnoe taksi''THE COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ENGLISH AND LITHUANIAN: TRANSPORT TERMS AND SOME METHODS OF DEVELOPING EFFECTIVE SCIENCE WRITING STRATEGIES BY NON ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
RAF M1 'Roksana'
The RAF M1 "Roksana" was designed by Rīgas Autobusu Fabrika in 1991. It was designed to replace the aging RAF-2203 and offer a new, modern vehicle to the newly opened market after the collapse of Soviet Union. Only 1 prototype was ever produced until the bankruptcy of Rīgas Autobusu Fabrika in 1998. The prototype was lost after the bankruptcy, but was found in Ventspils in 2017 and soon presented to the public. Rīgas Autobusu Fabrika developed 2 concept models to replace the RAF-2203, the 1st concept being the RAF M1 'Roksana' and 2nd the RAF M2 'Stils' which was chosen as successor of RAF-2203, but start of mass production failed, hopes for small production failed soon after due lack of parts, budget and manpower. The body building and engine installation was done in Riga experimental workshop, after which it was sent to United Kingdom for final design works. RAF M1 'Roksana' was designed together with British International Automotive Design. The minivan could have sea ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Marshrutka
''Marshrutka''Urban transportation systems: choices for communities (p. 254). Sigurd Grava. McGraw-Hill Professional, 2003. 840 pp. 0071384170, 9780071384179. or ''marshrutnoe taksi''THE COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ENGLISH AND LITHUANIAN: TRANSPORT TERMS AND SOME METHODS OF DEVELOPING EFFECTIVE SCIENCE WRITING STRATEGIES BY NON ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
RAF M2 'Stils'
The RAF M2 "Stils" was designed by Rīgas Autobusu Fabrika in 1994. It was designed to replace the aging RAF-2203 and offer a new modern vehicle to the newly opened market after collapse of Soviet Union. Only 2 prototypes were ever produced (one minivan, one ambulance) until bankruptcy of Rīgas Autobusu Fabrika in 1998. Both prototypes were lost after the bankruptcy but were found and shown to public in 2011. Rīgas Autobusu Fabrika developed 2 concept models to replace the RAF-2203, the 1st concept being the RAF M1 'Roksana' and 2nd the RAF M2 'Stils' which was chosen as successor of RAF-2203, but start of mass production failed, hopes for small production failed soon after due lack of parts, budget and manpower. This minivan used modernized version of ZMZ-406 4 cylinder, 2,3 liter gasoline engine. It used hydropneumatic suspension, much like some Citroën vehicles. The design was produced together with Russian NAMI (automotive institute). The minivan version could ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
RAF-977
The RAF-977 was a Soviet cabover van made by Riga Autobus Factory (RAF) based on components from the GAZ-21 Volga. It was introduced in 1958 and was manufactured in two main styles: a 10-seater minibus and an ambulance. In 1961, an updated version called the RAF-977D was put into production; this had a one-piece windshield, instead of the split, and Volga steering wheel among its other detail changes. Variants included the 977I ambulance and a special ''Intourist'' model, which had better seats, roof lights, and sunroof. The RAF-983, based on the 977, was a fire department vehicle. The shortened RAF-978, powered by the Moskvitch 407's engine, was not a success, in part because the engine lacked torque, and ride quality suffered due to the shortened wheelbase. In 1969, it was replaced by the improved RAF-977DM. This had a wider passenger door and fewer but longer side windows (three on driver's side and two on passenger's, rather than five and three before). The ambu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
GAZ-24
The GAZ-24 "Volga" is a car manufactured by the Gorky Automobile Plant (Gorkovsky Avtomobilny Zavod, GAZ) from 1970 to 1985 as a generation of its Volga marque. A largely redesigned version (practically, a new car in a modified old body) – GAZ-24-10 – was produced from 1985 to 1992. The Belgian-assembled rebadged models were sold as Scaldia-Volga M24 and M24D for the Western European market. 1967-1969 Development of the GAZ-24 (then called M-24) was mostly finished in 1966, when 12 of the third-series prototypes had been built and their design approved. It was unveiled towards the end of 1967. Only 32 units were built in 1968,Thompson, p. 131 though, primarily for road tests, with another 215 units built in 1969. The 1968/1969-built Volgas are often called "preserial" because full-scale manufacturing started only in 1970 (18,486 units built). Distinctive features of the first several prototypes were two outside rearview mirrors fixed on the front fenders. Most of the pr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Militia
A militia () is generally an army or some other fighting organization of non-professional soldiers, citizens of a country, or subjects of a state, who may perform military service during a time of need, as opposed to a professional force of regular, full-time military personnel; or, historically, to members of a warrior-nobility class (e.g. knights or samurai). Generally unable to hold ground against regular forces, militias commonly support regular troops by skirmishing, holding fortifications, or conducting irregular warfare, instead of undertaking offensive campaigns by themselves. Local civilian laws often limit militias to serve only in their home region, and to serve only for a limited time; this further reduces their use in long military campaigns. Beginning in the late 20th century, some militias (in particular officially recognized and sanctioned militias of a government) act as professional forces, while still being "part-time" or "on-call" organizations. For instan ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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