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R. Noyori
R. or r. may refer to: * ''Reign'', the period of time during which an Emperor, king, queen, etc., is ruler. * '' Rex'', abbreviated as R., the Latin word meaning King * ''Regina'', abbreviated as R., the Latin word meaning Queen * or , abbreviated as r., used in historiography to designate the ruling period of a person in dynastic power, to distinguish from his or her lifespan (e.g. "Charles V (r. 1519–1556)") * Abbreviation R., meaning ''"the Crown"'' or ''"the state"'' in criminal prosecution in Commonwealth realms (e.g. ''"R. v Defendant"'') * R., an album by American singer R. Kelly See also * R (other) R is the eighteenth letter of the Latin alphabet. R or r may also refer to: Science Biology and medicine * Arginine, an amino acid * ATC code R ''Respiratory system'', a section of the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System * Co ... * * * R, eighteenth letter of the English and Latin alphabets {{Disambiguation ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Reign
A reign is the period of a person's or dynasty's occupation of the office of monarch of a nation (e.g., Saudi Arabia, Belgium, Andorra), of a people (e.g., the Franks, the Zulus) or of a spiritual community (e.g., Catholicism, Tibetan Buddhism, Nizari Ismailism). In most hereditary monarchies and some elective monarchies (e.g., Holy Roman Empire) there have been no limits on the duration of a sovereign's reign or incumbency, nor is there a term of office. Thus, a reign usually lasts until the monarch dies, unless the monarchy itself is abolished or the monarch abdicates or is deposed. In elective monarchies, there may be a fixed period of time for the duration of the monarch's tenure in office (e.g., Malaysia). The term of a reign can be indicated with the abbreviation "r." (for Latin ') after a sovereign's name, such as the following: : George VI, King of Great Britain, Ireland and the British Dominions, Emperor of India (r. 1936–1952) Regnal periods Notable reigns have i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rex (title)
The Latin title ''rex'' has the meaning of "king, ruler" (monarch). It is derived from Proto-Indo-European ''*h₃rḗǵs''. Its cognates include Sanskrit ''rājan'', Gothic ''reiks'', and Old Irish ''rí'', etc. Its Greek equivalent is ''archon'' (ἄρχων), "leader, ruler, chieftain". The chief magistrate of the Roman Kingdom was titled ''Rex Romae'' (King of Rome). Usage *Rex Catholicissimus (Most Catholic King), awarded by the Pope to the Spanish monarchs since 1493 *Romanorum Rex (King of the Romans), used by the German king since the 11th century *Rex Britanniae (King of Britain), Æthelbald of Mercia (737) *Rex Scottorum (King of the Scots), used by the Scottish king between the 11th century and 1707 *Rex Sclavorum (King of the Slavs), various Medieval Slavic rulers See also *R. (other), R. *Reich *Dux *Basileus *Germanic king References Latin words and phrases Roman historiography Royal titles Kings {{Latin-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Queen Regnant
A queen regnant (plural: queens regnant) is a female monarch, equivalent in rank and title to a king, who reigns ''suo jure'' (in her own right) over a realm known as a "kingdom"; as opposed to a queen consort, who is the wife of a reigning king; or a queen regent, who is the guardian of a child monarch and rules '' pro tempore'' in the child's stead, be it in sharing power or in ruling alone. She is sometimes called a woman king. A princess regnant is a female monarch who reigns ''suo jure'' over a " principality"; an empress regnant is a female monarch who reigns ''suo jure'' over an "empire". A queen regnant possesses and exercises sovereign powers, whereas a queen consort or queen regent shares her spouse's and/or child's rank and titles but does not share the sovereignty of her spouse or child. The husband of a queen regnant traditionally does not share the queen regnant's rank, title, or sovereignty. However, the concept of a king consort or prince consort is not ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Historiography
Historiography is the study of the methods of historians in developing history as an academic discipline, and by extension is any body of historical work on a particular subject. The historiography of a specific topic covers how historians have studied that topic using particular sources, techniques, and theoretical approaches. Scholars discuss historiography by topic—such as the historiography of the United Kingdom, that of WWII, the British Empire, early Islam, and China—and different approaches and genres, such as political history and social history. Beginning in the nineteenth century, with the development of academic history, there developed a body of historiographic literature. The extent to which historians are influenced by their own groups and loyalties—such as to their nation state—remains a debated question. In the ancient world, chronological annals were produced in civilizations such as ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia. However, the discipline of his ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
The Crown
The Crown is the state in all its aspects within the jurisprudence of the Commonwealth realms and their subdivisions (such as the Crown Dependencies, overseas territories, provinces, or states). Legally ill-defined, the term has different meanings depending on context. It is used to designate the monarch in either a personal capacity, as Head of the Commonwealth, or as the king or queen of their realms (whereas the monarchy of the United Kingdom and the monarchy of Canada, for example, are distinct although they are in personal union). It can also refer to the rule of law; however, in common parlance 'The Crown' refers to the functions of government and the civil service. Thus, in the United Kingdom (one of the Commonwealth realms), the government of the United Kingdom can be distinguished from the Crown and the state, in precise usage, although the distinction is not always relevant in broad or casual usage. A corporation sole, the Crown is the legal embodiment of execut ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
State (polity)
A state is a centralized political organization that imposes and enforces rules over a population within a territory. There is no undisputed definition of a state. One widely used definition comes from the German sociologist Max Weber: a "state" is a polity that maintains a monopoly on the legitimate use of violence, although other definitions are not uncommon.Cudworth et al., 2007: p. 95Salmon, 2008p. 54 Absence of a state does not preclude the existence of a society, such as stateless societies like the Haudenosaunee Confederacy that "do not have either purely or even primarily political institutions or roles". The level of governance of a state, government being considered to form the fundamental apparatus of contemporary states, is used to determine whether it has failed. In a federal union, the term "state" is sometimes used to refer to the federated polities that make up the federation. (Other terms that are used in such federal systems may include “province”, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Commonwealth Realm
A Commonwealth realm is a sovereign state in the Commonwealth of Nations whose monarch and head of state is shared among the other realms. Each realm functions as an independent state, equal with the other realms and nations of the Commonwealth. King Charles III succeeded his mother, Queen Elizabeth II, as monarch of each Commonwealth realm following her death on 8 September 2022. He simultaneously became Head of the Commonwealth. there are 15 Commonwealth realms: Antigua and Barbuda, Australia, The Bahamas, Belize, Canada, Grenada, Jamaica, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Solomon Islands, Tuvalu, and the United Kingdom. All are members of the Commonwealth, an intergovernmental organisation of 56 independent member states, 52 of which were formerly part of the British Empire. All Commonwealth members are independent sovereign states, regardless of whether they are Commonwealth realms. At her accession i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
R (other)
R is the eighteenth letter of the Latin alphabet. R or r may also refer to: Science Biology and medicine * Arginine, an amino acid * ATC code R ''Respiratory system'', a section of the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System * Coefficient of relationship (''r''), in biology * Effective reproduction number (''R''), the number of cases generated by one case in the current state of a population in epidemiology ** Basic reproduction number (''R0''), the expected number of cases directly generated by one case * Haplogroup R (mtDNA), a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup * Haplogroup R (Y-DNA), a Y-chromosomal DNA (Y-DNA) haplogroup * Net reproduction rate (''R0''), the average number of offspring that would be born to a female given conforming conditions * r, the population growth rate in the r/K selection theory of ecology Astronomy * Spectral resolution (\mathbb), in astronomy * Orangish or K carbon stars ( stellar classification: R) Physics * R (cross sectio ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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